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Email: The Fruits of My Labour! (27.8.2022)

8/27/2022

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Karate-Do Originated in China, was Transmitted to the Ryukyu Islands and Japan - and Underwent a Journey Which Has Seen Its 'Chinese' Character Transformed at Different Points and in Different Ways on That Journey!
Dear Tony (Sensei)

I hope that you and your family are well. What follows is the fruit of my most recent labours on this path of research! 

Memories of My Esteemed Master - Mr Miyagi Chojun [1] By Master Nakaima Genkai (仲井真元楷) {1908-1984} [2]

I took my time over this and tried to extract as much meaning as possible. This is a Chinese translation (word for word) of the original Japanese language text. The Chinese author - Mr Wang Biandou - is a Karate practitioner in China. Now, he got this article from a 1978 Japanese language magazine that once featured Okinawan Karate-Do Masters (I believe Mr Wang possesses a copy of this magazine). I know that in 2008 a Japanese person made a 'word for word' English translation - but Mr Wang's Chinese version has 14 footnotes that he added that contain very interesting extra historical data about training with Miyagi Chojun! A colleague in China found a photograph of Okinawan people practicing martial arts in the open dated to the late 1800s! A Japanese friend of mine provided the impressive photograph of Master Nakaima Genkai!

With Respect


Adrian
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Memories of My Esteemed Master - Mr Miyagi Chojun [1] By Master Nakaima Genkai (仲井真元楷) {1908-1984} [2]

8/27/2022

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An 'Open Air' and 'Open Area' Okinawa (Ryukyu) Martial Arts Training Session Typical of the Late 19th Century!
Translator’s Note: I discovered this Chinese language version of this article entitled 'Miyagi Chojun: Infinite Grace – Expressing the ‘Way’ of the Warrior!' - translated by Wang Biandou [王扁豆] - and uploaded on 8.6.2020 to the Chinese ‘Karate Academy’ Website - realised it had originally been written in the Japanese language and then felt compelled to translate its vitally important content into the English language! Therefore, I thank Mr Wang Biandou (王扁豆) for creating a Chinese language version I can read – and I thank the original author – Okinawan Goju Ryu Karate-Do Master - Nakaima Genkai (仲井真元楷) {1908-1984} for taking the time to gather this intriguing and compelling historical information together! I do not practice Karate-Do – but I am familiar with its basic physical structure and its broad history. My interest arises from my Chinese martial arts background and how the martial arts of China have spread (and are still spreading) across the world and through other cultures! Sometimes, it is the recording of what might seem like the purely ‘mundane’ in the present time – that might well cause a landslide of incredible interest in the future! I believe Mr Wang Biandou (王扁豆) has added ‘14’ explanatory footnotes to this text that are full of very interesting historical data relevant to the subject! I retain the Chinese language text so that my friends in China (and throughout the world) and enjoy the historical lesson contained within! ACW 27.8.2022)  
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Master Nakaima Genkai at 65 years of Age - Demonstrating Sanchin Kata in 1973!
In the Spring when I was just entering the second year of middle school, my classmate Bunshun Tamagusuku asked, "Why don't we go to Great Master Miyagi to learn ‘Chinese Hand’ (唐手 Tang Shou) - (pronounced ‘Kara-Te’)?" Apparently, his uncle - Shinzato Jinan (who already trained) - had previously enquired as to whether he was interested in training. ​
Through this association with Shinzato Jinan (and an offer of training in the martial arts), three other interested individuals came to me and expressed their hope to gain access to the Great Master! Therefore, our group of four potential Goju Ryu students consisted of: ​
1) Nakaima Genkai (Myself) 
2) Bunshun Tamagusuku 
3) Tatsutoku Sakiyama (aka ‘Tatsutoku Senaha’) 
4) Kiju Nanjo (aka ‘Kiju Azama’) ​
Shinzato Jinan was my neighbour. He had already graduated from Naha Commercial High School at the time, so he was also my senior. He lived in a rental house owned by Mr Yukii Kuniyoshi. One evening, three of us met with Shinzato Jinan outside the wooden gate of Mr Yukii Kuniyoshi’s house. Shinzato Jinan had a white cloth tied around his neck. The wooden gate was very large and possessed a strong iron railing running across its top! From this - Shinzato Jinan was performing ‘pull-ups’ using both hands – continuously lifting his chin above and below the iron bar! He taught us this double-handed exercise – and then taught us how to perform this exercise with only a single hand holding the rail!  ​
Later, we often met in the evening on the playground of Naha Jinjo Koto Shogakko (an elementary school). We did squats (for the legs), crunches (for the torso) and various other strengthening exercises using the metal climbing bars!  Lifting and holding our bodies at different angles was often required! Thanks to the continuous training enforced by Shinzato Jinan – we could do somersaults and all kinds of rolls across an unpadded floor! Our minds and bodies were so strong that hitting into objects and one another caused very little, if any damage! We could drop suddenly to the floor and jump back-up – nothing hindered us!  ​
Not long after this, Shinzato Jinan entered the Police Academy and the four of us (listed above) decided to approach the Great Master Miyagi Chojun directly and enquire as to whether he would take us as ‘Kara-Te’ students! There was a problem, however, as due to the Confucian culture prevalent throughout Ryukyu I had to first ask my father’s permission before I entered the training system of another family’s martial arts tradition.  ​
When Shuri Castle was occupied by the Japanese Army, my father was only 10 years old – this was when the Ryukyu Kingdom was abolished and became a Prefecture of Japan - during 1879 (Meiji 12). The Japanese government in 1872 (Meiji five years), however, had established the Ryukyu clan system as the first step in their plan to abolish the (Chinese) Ryukyu Kingdom and create the (Japanese) Okinawa Prefecture when he was only 3 years old.  ​
Since my father was born during such a transitional period, and given that our ancestors were from China, our family did not allow him to receive a Japanese-style education called ‘Yamato-learning’, so he did not go to school. But because of hard work, he had a strong body and flexible physique, and I have heard that he was a very good wrestler. He was very happy when I won a prize at the school sports meeting! ​
In the spring of 1923, when I was 15 years old, I told my father that I wanted to learn ‘Kara-Te’ (Chinese Hand) from Great Master Miyagi Chojun. He gave me permission and said to me, ‘It would be great for you to learn ‘Tang Shou’ (唐手) with Master Miyagi!’. By that time Mr. Miyagi was already famous for ‘kara-Te’ - (which the Japanese had renamed ‘Karate-do’ [空手道 - Kong Shou Dao] but which we ignored at that time), so my father thought he was ideal to be my teacher. ​
We, the people of Kume Village, Okinawa, are proud of our Chinese heritage. We believe that our ancestors came to Okinawa from China, so we respect not only Chinese literature and art, but also Chinese martial arts! ​
In terms of culture and arts, we established a school called ‘Meirindo’, which functioned like a university educating young people. As for martial arts like kara-Te and other Fist Arts, etc., I think we practice individually, according to our own physical strengths and other conditions. This is a very ‘Chinese’ attitude very different to the Japanese culture. ​
At that time, the "Meirindo" school held an annual cultural festival where there were performances involving great martial skills including the ‘Stick’ (棒 - Bang)  (or ‘Bo’), the ‘Sai’ (鉄尺 - Zhi Chi, [Tesshaku/Tiechi], Thirteen / Sesan gongfu sets and ‘士壮镇’ (Shi Zhuang Zhen) [Chishokin] or ‘Scholar Strengthens the Town’ gongfu. There was also performances involving the use of the rattan shield/Tohai (籐牌  - Teng Pai) and ‘One Hundred and Eight/Suparinpei’ Naha Te. [3]. Most of these Chinese martial arts demonstrations included exactly the same content as Miyagi-sensei taught to us. [4] ​
That is how Miyagi-sensei taught us. We had classes three times a week held at Miyagi-sensei's home (there was no purpose-built Dojo in those days) [5] – with these classes always beginning after regular school had finished for the day: ​
1) Monday - (3pm-8pm) 
2) Wednesday - (3pm-8pm) 
3) Friday - (3pm-8pm) ​
This situation was very different to how Goju Ryu later developed and became famous – with proper Dojo being built in many places. After a while, my classmate Bunshun Tamagusuku (the nephew of Shinzato Jinan) dropped out, leaving only three practitioners from our original group.  ​
Goju Ryu training evolved around the practice of ‘Sanchin’ Kata or ‘Three Battles’ (三戦 - San Zhan) as it is known in the Chinese language. [6] This is why our training consisted of intense preparatory, supplementary and foot coordination exercises all designed to build the required physical and mental strength needed to correctly practice the ‘Sanchin’ Kata! Miyagi-sensei's explanation of these supplementary exercises is that they are designed to assist the learning of basic Kara-Te skills, as they assist the practitioner to understand the inner logic that is inherent within ‘Kara-Te’, whilst at the same time, our ‘Kara-Te’ skills should continue to be enhanced as our athletic ability and physical strength increase! Furthermore, the purpose of intense strengthening and toughening exercises is that a practitioner must not only warm-up the mind and body at the beginning of each training session, but through regular training must also prepare and build the mind and body so that it can perform the fundamental ‘Kara-Te' training skills correctly whilst using the techniques inherent in the ‘Sanchin’ (and other) Kata! Goju Ryu conditioning strengthens all the muscles of the body so that the body can be held ‘still’ like a mountain or ‘moved’ around like flowing water! If the muscles are trained regularly and properly, the body can move easily in any direction, or suddenly change direct as required! Miyagi-sensei said that by training in this manner we build a ‘Kara-Te’ physique. This is how we lay the foundation for effective ‘kara-Te’ by carrying-out preparatory and complementary exercises! ​
After each training session, Miyagi-sensei would tell us various stories for two or three hours [7]. The themes of his stories included not only the history, purpose and development of the techniques of Kara-Te, but also discuss the world situation, the current state of the ‘Kara-Te’ world, the origins of ‘kara-Te’, his thoughts on ‘kara-Te’ and Buddhism, research on ‘Kara-Te’ and traditional Okinawan performing arts, and any subject or information he thought was relevant to support our learning process. We were only junior high school students at that time, but Miyagi-sensei taught us the truth about ‘kara-Te’, what kind of spirit a ‘kara-Te’ master should have, and the way of life that ‘kara-Te’ brings, that is, the Way (Dao) of True people or the Way (Dao) of virtue and morality. I still remember his bright face and sharp eyes in which I found the love and kindness of a true and great ‘kara-Te’ master! ​
Now I will relay some of Miyagi-sensei's words to you. ‘If you only practice Sanchin Kata (三戦 - San Zhan) all your life, you don't have to practice any other Kata. Sanchin is the essence!’ [8] ​
One day, I asked him, "How many times during your practice did you feel like you were doing well?" He replied, ‘I think I've only done well 1 time out of 30 of all my practice sessions.’ He was very young at the time, only 34 or 35 years old. I am still impressed by his words. ​
‘The position and placement of the hands at the end of the Sanchin Kata are the same as those found on Buddha statues.’ Miyagi-sensei often tells us this story. I think the gesture at the end of Sanchin Kata is the most beautiful prayer gesture. In fact, I see the same hand pose of Buddha statues in many temples. ​
Miyagi-sensei said, ‘Rigidity is like a willow tree blown by a strong wind.’ Strong winds blow through the willow tree, and yet the willow tree never resists the wind, it remains impassive, but it is never broken or damaged. In ‘Kara-Te’, we must use the strength of our opponent. This is a skill that we must master through correct practice. [9] ​
I think it was in 1926 when the National Budo Tournament was held in the outer garden of the Meiji Temple in Tokyo*. Shinzato Jinan, a disciple of Mr Miyagi, attended the meeting and performed ‘kara-Te’, which is an Okinawan martial art. At that time, an official suddenly asked him: ‘What's the name of your martial arts?’ Then he replied ‘Hard-Soft (interactional) style’. He later explained the matter to Miyagi-sensei, who approved this title. Since then, we have called ourselves the Goju Ryu. [10] ​
Once I asked Mr Miyagi: ‘Teacher, do you have eyes in the back of your head? Someone said that even if we secretly follow you, you would immediately sense someone following you and quickly turn around to look for us.’ ​
Miyagi-sensei replied, ‘No one has eyes in the back of their heads. But when I go down this road, in some cases, I feel a little weird. I think it's called the sixth sense. We should always be vigilant when walking around corners, walking on rainy streets, climbing up and down ladders, if you can practice hard and be habitually cautious, it will help in self-defence. After long-term ‘kara-te’ training, we can get what's called a sixth sense and notice if someone is following.’ ​
‘Learning karate now is like walking in the dark without lights. We have to grope and move forward in the dark.’ Miyagi-sensei also told me, ‘There are too many unreasonable things in ‘kara-Te’, and there are many things that I can't understand. So, when our ‘Chinese Hand’ masters were alive, we had to visit them and ask them a lot of questions. I think even when we did, it would be really hard to find out.’ I used to go to the home of Mr Chomo Hanashiro and Ankō Itosu, and listen to the stories their ‘kara-Te’ teachers told them. [11] ​
In 1926 (the last year of the Taisho era), ‘Kara-Te’ masters from the ‘Minamiasahigaoka’ (南旭ケ丘) and ‘Wakasamachi-teki’ (若狭町的) areas Okinawa gathered and formed a club to study ‘Kara-Te’. The masters who participated in the club were:  ​
1) Miyagi Chojun,  
2) Kyoda Jūhatsu,  
3) Motobu Chōki,  
4) Motobu Choyu,  
5) Mabuni Kenwa,  
6) Taizo,  
7) Shiroma Shinpan [12] ​
On the first and fifteenth day of every month – the members gathered to worship the ‘Spirit’ (神 - Shen) of martial arts. I joined this club together with the following Kara-Te practitioners: ​
1) Maeyama Tatsunori 
2) Kiju Nanjo 
3) Kogyu Tazaki 
4) Yagi Kamadashi 
At that time, Teacher Miyagi agreed to change the name of ‘Chinese Hand’ (唐手 - Tang Shou) to ‘Empty Hand’ (空手 - Kong Shou), and later ‘Chinese Hand’ was indeed gradually changed to ‘Empty Hand’[13]. Just as jiu-jitsu turned into judo, he was committed to developing the pure fighting skill of ‘Chinese Hand’ into ‘Empty Hand’. ​
In 1925 (Taisho Year 14), when Kodokan judo master Jigoro Kano came to Okinawa, and we demonstrated Goju Ryu ‘kara-Te’ for him in a public hall in Naha City - Mr Miyagi explained it himself. The friendly meeting between the two founders of martial arts will light up the development of ‘kara-Te’ and bring good luck to the development of Judo! ​
Japan created the "Foundation Gymnastics/Kenkoku Taiso" during World War II. In fact, this practice consisted mostly of ‘kara-Te’ kata, so it may be considered a variant of ‘kara-Te’. [14] ​
As far as I know, Miyagi-sensei never tried to show off his ‘kara-Te’. Therefore, we also never talked about ‘kara-Te’ in school or outside of school. We kept in mind that we should not show ‘kara-Te’ to other people in public. ​
When the judo teachers at Kodokan were on their way to Taiwan via Okinawa, they wanted us to show them ‘kara-Te’. We gave a demonstration at the training hall of No. 2 Middle School. After the Judo teacher left the school, Miyagi-sensei visited the No. 2 Middle School teacher Sochoku Nakachi and asked him, ‘How are my students doing?’ ​
When Prince Takamatsu Miyazaki visited Okinawa, Miyagi-sensei appointed me as a representative of Goru Ryu to demonstrate Sanchin. At that time, I only wore a pair of shorts as I was practicing every day, and Miyagi-sensei did not demonstrate the Kata himself.  ​
The rhythm of ‘kara-Te’ is like wisdom blessed by the divine sky! It has the same rhythm as traditional Okinawan or Ryukyu dance. Let's continue to walk and grope in the dark to inherit the great rigidity and softness that Miyagi-sensei left behind! ​
References: ​
[1]^This text is a translation into the Chinese language from the original Japanese language article entitled ‘Kara-Te Master Miyagi Chojun’. Originally published in Aoi Umi Monthly, Issue 70, February 1978 (pp. 99-100), published by Aoi Umi Shuppansha. This special issue focused on Okinawan karate masters. "Aoi Umi Monthly" magazine has long since ceased publication. 
[2]^Nakaima Genkai had a high social status among the disciples of Miyagi Chojun. After the war, he devoted himself to the research and writing about Okinawan culture. It is said that around 1955, he was invited to attend a meeting of all the disciples of the Goju Ryu. At this meeting, Miyazato Eiichi was recognized by the majority and officially became the heir of Miyagi Chojun. 
[3]^Thirteen, Scholar Strong Town and 108 are the earliest known Naha ‘Te’ techniques, of which the name of Scholar Strong Town first appeared in the martial arts literature in the 186os. As now, these types have subtle differences according to different inheritances. Kyoda Jūhatsu once studied different sets of Thirteen techniques with Higaonna Kanryo and Higaonna Kanjun – but it was Kanryo’s Thirteen that was finally transmitted through the Higaonna lineage!  
[4]^According to the recollections of Yagi Meitoku, Miyagi Chojun only taught Sanchin, Thirteen, Seiyunchin and Suparinpei during the Taisho period - he only began to teach other Katas during the Showa period (after 1926). 
[5]^Probably the famous ‘Hanazono Dojo’ (花园道场) - ‘Flower Garden Way Place’ 
[6]^The training here is the most basic introductory training. It can be seen that it evolves around strength, endurance and flexibility, etc. This is also the tradition of Naha ‘Te’  and Goju Ryu. First, strengthen the physique and then exercise to develop the skills. There are differences in the teaching of Goju Ryu classes that focus only on developing specific skills. In addition, about the training system of Goju Ryu, you can check ‘Miyagi Chojuns Talks About Hard and Soft kara-Te’ in the historical archives for details. 
[7]^Combining the above, the actual ‘kara-Te’ training at that time was only about 2-3 hours, and the remaining 2-3 hours were taked with discussion time. 
[8]^What is expressed here, is that the Sanchin Kata is the firm foundation - which also has practical significance. Because from a technical point of view, Sanchin already contains the most basic maintenance framework, thrust skills, receiving skills and movement. 
[9]^According to the memory of Miyagi Chojun’s nephew - Higa Yunao - Miyagi Chojun was very good at moving, so this may not only refer to the basic movement – but include the highest form of ‘flowing’ (like water) from one place to another without losing power, posture or momentum, etc.  
[10]^Because of his age, Nakaima Genkai misremembered the time. This event should have happened around 1930. In addition, according to Kyoda Jūhatsu recollection, the name of Goju Ryu was thought up by Miyagi Chojun himself. 
[11]^According to the aforementioned self-report, he could not have had the opportunity to follow Miyagi Chojun to visit Itosu Ankō, because Itosu Ankō had passed away in 1915. Itosu Ankō was one of the most important masters in the history of ‘China Hand’ (唐手  - Tang Shou) - ‘Empty Hand’ (空手 - Kong Shou). His teachers were Nagahama Chikudun of Naha Te and Sokon Matsumura of Shuri Te. One of his disciples was Chōmo Hanashiro - who was said to have instructed Miyagi Chojun. This is a significant as Itosu Ankō is believed to have been the firt person to use the word ‘empty hand’ (in 1901). 
The ‘China Hand’ Research Club developed into the ‘Empty Hand’ Research Club! This was one of the most important associations in history, with the club mainly led by Motobu Chōyū - although master's from Naha, Shuri, Tori, Kume and other places exchanged their skills and teaching experience with each other. This promoted the standardization and modernization of ‘China Hand’ - ‘Empty Hand’! 
[12]^During the ‘China Hand’ Research Club gatherings, the participating masters would give guidance individually to whoever asked or approached them (rather than in groups), so that participating students at that time could learn the techniques of other styles and lineages – and not be limited to just their own style!  
[13]^Miyagi Chojun was one of the supporters of officially changing the name of ‘China Hand’ to ‘Empty Hand’, and it is his senior brother Kyoda Jūhatsu who clearly opposed it. 
[14]^This actually refers to a ‘Military Body Fist’ (军体拳 - Jun Ti Quan) style promoted by the IJA32 Army/Okinawa Défense Army in Okinawa during the Asia-Pacific War (1941-1945). ​
Chinese Language Article:
https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/119288128 
宫城长顺:恩泽无量,讲述人间之道的武人 
王扁豆 
入院观察,积极治疗 
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关于我的恩师宫城长顺先生的回忆[1] 
作者:仲井間元楷[2] 
在我刚升入中学二年级的那个春天,我的同学 玉城本顺/Bunshun Tamagusuku 对我说:“为什么我们不去找宫城大师学空手道(唐手)呢?” 玉城的叔叔新里仁安曾问过他是否想学习唐手。 
当时希望通过新里仁安跟随宫城长顺大师学习的人,还有前山達徳/Tatsutoku Sakiyama(当时叫瀬名波達徳/Tatsutoku Senaha )、南條喜寿/Kiju Nanjo(当时叫間喜寿/Kiju Azama)和我三个人。 
新里仁安是我的邻居,当时他已经从那霸商业高中毕业,所以他也算是我的学长。他住在 國吉有纪/Yukii Kuniyoshi 先生的一所出租屋中。 
有一天晚上,我们三个人在国吉先生房子的木门前遇到了新里仁安,他脖子上缠着白布。当时新里正在木质大门的栏杆上做引体向上,他向我们展示了他能把下巴抬到杠铃上方多高。 此外他还教了我们如何用一只手臂做引体向上。 
后来,我们经常晚上在Naha Jinjo Koto Shogakko(一所小学)的操场上聚会。我们喜欢做各种仰卧起坐或单杠练习。幸亏有了新里仁安,我们现在可以做正向大回转、反向大回转、空翻等高难度动作了。 
不久之后,新里仁安进入了警察学校。我们四个人(玉城本顺、前山達徳、南條喜寿和我)决定向宫城大师学习空手道(唐手)。 
但在这之前,我必须先征得父亲的允许。 
当首里城被日军占领时,我的父亲只有10岁,琉球王国被废除,并在1879年(明治12年)成为日本的一个县。 日本政府在1872年(明治五年)建立了琉球宗族,作为废除琉球王国和建立冲绳县计划的第一步,当时他才3岁。 
由于父亲是在这样的过渡时期出生的,而且我们的祖先来自中国,我们的家族不允许他接受所谓“大和学问”的日式教育,所以他没有上过学。 但因为努力工作,他拥有了强大而灵活的体格,我曾听说他是一位很厉害的摔跤手。当我在学校运动会上获奖时,他感到非常高兴。 
1923年春天,当时我15岁,我告诉父亲我想向宫城大师学习空手道(唐手)。他给了我许可,并对我说:“你能跟随宫城长顺大师学习空手道(唐手),那真是太好了!”。那时宫城先生已经以空手道(唐手)出名了,所以父亲认为他是我理想的老师。 
我们,冲绳久米村人,为自己的中国血统感到骄傲。我们相信我们的祖先是从中国来到冲绳,所以我们不仅非常尊重中国的文艺,而且也非常尊重武艺。 
在文化艺术方面,我们建立了一所学校,叫做“Meirindo”,它就像今天的一所大学,在那里教育年轻人。至于空手道、搏击等武艺,我认为我们是根据各自的体力和其他条件单独练习的。 
当时“ Meirindo”学校文化节的节目里,有棒术/Bo,鉄尺/Tesshaku/Tiechi,十三/ Sesan,士壮镇/Chishokin,籐牌/Tohai和“一百零八/Suparinpei”的表演[3]。 空手道的大多数表演与宫城老师教给我们的一样。[4] 
宫城老师的课程就这样开始了。我们一周上三次课(周一、周三和周五,放学后从下午3点到晚上8点),当时的训练是在宫城老师的家里[5],而不是像现在这样在专门的道场(训练馆)。过了一段时间,我的同学玉城(新里仁安的侄子)退学了,只留下了三个练习者:前山達徳、南條喜寿和我。 
我们当时的训练包括了准备运动,补充运动和足部动作,一般都是围绕三戦进行的。[6] 
根据宫城老师对准备运动的解释,通过这些锻炼,我们可以为像三戦等Kata之类的空手道训练做准备,准备运动具有热身的功能。 
准备运动的另一含义是通过锻炼所有必要的肌肉来增强我们的体力,以便我们可以在任何情况下正确使用肌肉。简而言之,我们通过准备运动来建立“空手道体格”。 
补充运动是一种学习空手道基本技术的训练,它有助于我们理解空手道的内在逻辑,同时,我们的空手道技术也将随着我们运动能力和体力的发展而不断优化。 
我们就这样通过做准备运动和补充运动为空手道打下基础的。 
宫城老师在训练结束后,会给我们讲两三个小时的各种故事[7]。他的故事主题不仅有空手道的技术,还包括了世界局势、空手道界的现状、空手道的起源、他对空手道与佛教的思考、对空手道与冲绳传统表演艺术的研究等等。 
那时候我们还只是初中生,但宫城老师却向我们宣扬空手道的真理,空手道大师应该有着怎样的灵魂,空手道所带来的生活方式,即人的方式或道德的方式。我仍然记得他那明亮的脸和敏锐的眼睛,在其中我找到了一位空手道大师的爱和善良。 
现在我将转述宫城老师的一些话给你听。 
“如果你一生只练习三戦,就不必练习其他Kata。三戦非常的重要。” [8] 
有一天,我问他:“您在练习三戦过程中,有几次感觉您自己的表现不错?” 他回答说:“我认为我在30次三戦练习中,只有1次表现出色。” 当时他还很年轻,只有34或35岁。 他的话,我仍然印象深刻。 
“三戦结束时手的位置和姿态与佛像相同。” 宫城老师经常告诉我们这个故事。 我认为三戦结束时的手势是最美的祈祷姿态。 实际上,我在一些寺庙中看到佛像的相同手部姿势。 
宫城老师说:“刚柔就像是被强风吹过的柳树”。 强风吹过柳树, 而柳树从不抗拒风,它虽然保持被动,但永不会被折断或破坏。 在空手道中,我们可以利用对手的力量。 这是我们必须通过实践来掌握的技艺。[9] 
我想是在1926年东京明治神宫外花园举行全国武道大会的时候*。宫城老师的弟子新里仁安参加了这次会议,并表演了作为冲绳武术的空手道。 当时,一位官员突然问他:“你武术叫什么名字?” 然后他回答“ 刚柔(半硬软)风格”。 后来他向宫城老师解释了此事,宫城老师批准了他的称呼。 从那时起,我们就称自己为刚柔流。[10] 
有一次我问宫城老师:“老师,你的后脑勺有眼睛吗?有人说,即使我们偷偷跟着你,你也会立刻发现有人跟踪,并迅速转过身来寻找我们。” 
宫城老师回答说,“没有人的后脑勺有眼睛。但当我沿着这条路走的时候,在某些情况下,我会感到有些奇怪。我认为这就是所谓的第六感。我们在街角拐弯处、在雨中的街道上行走,在梯子上爬上爬下的时候,都要时刻保持警惕,如果你能努力练习,并且习惯性谨慎,会对自卫会有帮助。经过长期的空手道训练,我们可以获得所谓的第六感,并能注意到是否有人在跟踪。” 
“现在学空手道就像在没有灯光的黑暗中行走。我们必须在黑暗中摸索前进。”宫城老师还告诉我,“空手道里有太多不合理的东西,还有很多我无法理解的东西。因此,当我们的(唐手)大师们还活着的时候,我们必须去拜访他们,请教他们许多问题。我想即使我们这样做了,其实也很难找到答案。”我曾经和他一起去过 花城長茂/Chomo Hanashiro 先生和 糸洲 安恒/Ankō Itosu 的家,听过他们的空手道故事。[11] 
1926年(大正时代的最后一年),来自那霸、南旭ケ丘和若狭町的空手道大师们聚在一起,成立了一个俱乐部研究空手道。参加俱乐部的大师有:宫城长顺、许田重发、本部朝基、本部朝勇,、摩文仁賢和, 田原Taizo、城間真繁。[12] 
每个月的初一和十五,他们会祭拜武术之神。前山達徳、南條喜寿、田崎耕牛/Kogyu Tazaki,、八木釜出/Yagi,、喜纳正興/Seiko Kina和我也参加了俱乐部,并在那里接受训练。[13] 
那时,宫城老师就赞成将“唐手”改为“空手”,后来“唐手”的确逐渐被改为了“空手”[14]。就像柔术变成了柔道一样,他致力于将纯粹的格斗技艺“唐手”发展成“空手道”。 
1925年(大正14年),讲道馆柔道大师嘉纳治五郎/Kigoro Kano来到冲绳时,我们在那霸市的一个公共礼堂为他演示了刚柔流空手道,宫城老师亲自进行了讲解。两大武道奠基人的友好会面,将为空手道事业的发展点亮光明,同时为柔道事业的发展带来好运。 
日本在第二次世界大战期间创建了“建国体操运动/Kenkoku Taiso”。事实上,这种练习主要由空手道的Kata组成,所以可能算是空手道的一种变体。[15] 
据我所知,宫城老师从未试图炫耀过自己的空手道。因此,我们也从来没有在学校和校外谈论过空手道。我们牢牢记住,我们不应该在公共场合向其他人展示空手道。 
当讲道馆的柔道师范在途径冲绳前往台湾时,他们希望我们向他们展示空手道。前山達徳、南條喜寿和我在第二中学的柔道训练馆进行了展示。 柔道师范离开学校后,宫城老师拜访第二中学的老师Sochoku Nakachi,并询问他:“我的学生们表现得如何?” 
当高松宮宣仁親王访问冲绳时,宫城老师任命我作为刚柔流的代表展示了三戦,当时我就像每天练习一样只穿着一条短裤,而宫城老师并未进行展示。 
空手道的节奏如同是上天祝福的智慧。 它和传统的冲绳舞或琉球舞蹈的韵律相同。 
让我们继续在黑暗中行走和摸索,以继承宫城老师所留下的伟大的刚柔流吧。 
参考 
^本文是原著《空手道大师宫城长顺》的翻译。最早刊登在由Aoi Umi Shuppansha出版的《Aoi Umi月刊》1978年2月第70期(第99-100页)。本期特刊主要介绍了冲绳空手道大师。《Aoi Umi月刊》杂志早已停刊。 
^仲井間元楷在宫城长顺弟子中社会地位较高,,战后专注进行冲绳文化的研究和著作工作。据传1955年左右,他曾受邀列席了全体刚柔流弟子出席的会议,在这次会议上宫里栄一获得多数人的认可,正式成为宫城长顺的继承人。 
^十三、士壮镇和一百零八是已知最早的那霸手型,其中士壮镇的名字最早出现在186X年的演武文献中。和现在一样,这些型根据不同的传承有着细微的差异,许田重发曾和东恩纳宽量和东恩纳宽裕学习过不同的十三,宽裕の十三最终只得以东恩流中继承。 
^据八木明德回忆,宫城长顺在大正时期只教授三戦、十三、制引战和一百零八,昭和年代(1926年后)才开始教授其他型。 
^可能就是著名的“花园道场” 
^这里的训练是最为基本的入门训练,可以看到是围绕着力量、耐力、柔韧等内容进行的,这也是那霸手和刚柔流的传统,先强化体格再锻炼技巧,和现在普遍练技为主的刚柔流兴趣班教学有所区别。此外,关于刚柔流的训练体系,可以在历史消息中查看《宫城长顺谈刚柔流空手道》具体了解。 
^结合上文,当时的空手道训练实际只有2-3小时左右,剩下的2-3小时是聊天时间。 
^这里可能表达的是,三戦作为基本型,同样具有实战意义。因为从技术角度讲,三戦已包含了最为基本的维持构架、突技、受技和移动等内容。 
^据宫城长顺外甥比嘉佑直的回忆,宫城长顺非常擅长移动,因此这里指的可能不光是原地的引受、流受,还包括了通过移动施展的技术。 
^因为年代久远,仲井間记错了时间,这个事件应该发生在1930年左右,此外根据许田重发的回忆,刚柔流的名字是由宫城长顺自己想出来的。 
^根据前文自述,他应该没有机会跟随宫城长顺拜访过糸洲安恒,因为糸洲安恒在1915年就已经去世了。糸洲安恒是唐手/空手道历史上最重要的大师之一,他是首里手松村宗棍和那霸手长滨的弟子。花城長茂是糸洲安恒的弟子,据称曾指导过宫城长顺,也是可追溯的最早使用“空手”一词的人。 
^唐手研究俱乐部是唐手/空手历史上最为重要的一次结社,俱乐部主要由本部朝勇领导,来自那霸、首里、泊、久米等地方的大师们相互交流技艺和教学经验,促进了唐手/空手的标准化和现代化。 
^唐手研究俱乐部时期,参加的唐手大师会分别进行指导,所以有当时的学生不仅会学习单一流派的技术和型,还会学习其他流派的内容。 
^宫城长顺是将“唐手”正式改名为“空手”的支持者之一,明确反对的是他的师兄许田重发。 
^这其实指的是IJA32军/冲绳守备军在冲绳本地推广的一种“军体拳”。 
 ​
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    Shifu Adrian Chan-Wyles (b. 1967) - Lineage (Generational) Inheritor of the Ch'an Dao Hakka Gongfu System.

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    Crane Technique – Fujian Whooping Crane Fist’ (鹤法——福建鸣鹤拳 He Crane – Fu Jian Ming He Quan
    Crane Technique – Fujian Whooping Crane Fist’ (鹤法——福建鸣鹤拳 - He Crane – Fu Jian Ming He Quan
    Crawl
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    DaiSan
    Damage
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    Destruction
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    Divert
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    Drawing The Bow
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    Dropping
    Druid
    DT Suzuki
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    Eat
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    Eight
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    Elephant & Castle
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    Emergency
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    Emissary
    Emit
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    Empire Of The Sun
    Empress Dowager Cixi
    Empty
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    Empty Step
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    Experience
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    Expulsion
    Extension
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    Fact
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    Fake
    Fall
    False
    Familiar
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    Fang Gang
    Fang Ligui (房利贵)
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    Farm
    Farming
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    Fast
    Father
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    Fear
    Federation
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    Feeling
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    Field
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    Fight I
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    Fire
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    First
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    Five Steps
    Flail
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    Fleet
    Flesh
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    Fly Whisk
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    Four
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    Frank Johnson 6th Dan
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    Genetic Diversity In Japan A Genetic Study
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    George Kerr
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    Golden Belt
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    Greed#
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    ​𠃌 (gun3)
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    Henrik Larson
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    Hereford Times
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    Hexagram 56
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    Hiroki Miyagi
    Hironori Otsuka (1892-1982)
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    Judging Official
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    Kakazu Yoshimasa
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    ‘Karate-Do – How To Enjoy Practice’
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    'Lin Dachong' (林达崇)
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    Lin Dachong’ (林达崇)
    Line
    Lineage
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    Lin Jingfeng (林竞峰) [1947-2018]
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    Link
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    #london
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    London Prize Fighting Rules
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    Lower
    Lower Block
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    Lowing
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    Lumbar
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    Lunge
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    Master Yu Danqiu (余丹秋)
    Mat
    Matayoshi Shinpou (又吉真豊)
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    ‘Ma Xiaoyang’ (马晓阳)
    May
    May23rd
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    MAZIAR KEBAT
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    ‘Miyagi Anichi’ [宮城安一] (1931-2009)
    Miyagi Chojun
    ​Miyagi Chojun (宫城长顺)
    Miyagi Chojun (宫城长顺)
    Miyagi Chosho
    Miyagi Takashi
    Miyagi Takashi (1951)
    Miyagi Takashi [宮城敬]
    Miyagi Takashi [宮城敬]
    Miyagi Toru
    ‘Miyazato Eiichi’ [宮里栄] (1922-1999).
    Mma
    Modern
    Modernity
    Momentum
    Monastic
    Monasticism
    Monastics
    Money
    Monk
    Monkey
    Monks
    Monument
    Mooing
    Moon
    Morality
    Morning
    Morphine
    Mosque
    Motobu Chaoji (本部朝基)
    Motobu Chaoji [本部朝基]
    Motobu Choki
    Mould
    Mountain
    Mountains
    Mourning
    Move
    Movement
    Movements
    Movemet
    Movies
    Moving Zen
    Moxibustion
    Mr George
    Mr Harada
    Mr. Huang Teng (黄腾)
    Mr Kenichi Ginkari (铭苅拳一 - Ming Yi Quan Yi)
    Mr Masaru Suzuki
    Mr Miyazato Eiichi (宫里荣一)
    ​Mr. Motobu [本部]
    Mr Wong
    Muay Thai
    Muchimi
    Mud
    Mufu
    Muhammed Ali
    Multiply
    Mural
    MURASAKIMURA Dojo
    Murder
    Muscle
    Muscles
    Muslim
    Muslims
    Mu (穆)
    Myagi Chojun
    Myiyagi Anichi
    Mystery
    Myth
    Nagamine Masamune (长岭将真)
    Naha
    Naha City
    Naha Te
    Naha-Te
    ‘Naha Te’ (那霸手 - Na Ha Shou)
    Naive
    Nakaima Norisato
    Nakamoto Masabu (仲本政傅)
    Nakamura Tetsuji
    Nakamura Tetsuji Ernie Molyneux Henrik Larson Yamashiro Katsuya Jorge Monteiro
    Naked
    Name
    Names
    Naming
    Nanjing
    Nan Quan
    Nanquan
    National
    Nationalist
    National Park
    National Tongliang Dragon Dance Troupe
    Natural
    Nature
    Neck
    Negotiate
    Nei
    Neidan
    Neigong
    Neijing
    Nekoashi
    Nervous
    Nest
    New
    New China
    News
    Newspaper
    New Teritories
    New Territories
    New Zealand
    Nexus
    NHK
    Ninja
    Nippon
    Nippon Budokan (日本武道館)
    No
    No. 2
    Nobility
    Non-action
    Non-alignment
    Non-Chinese
    Non-delusion
    Non-effort
    Non-greed
    Non-Han
    Non-hatred
    Non-martial Arts
    Non-rootedness
    Nonsuch School
    Normality
    Normandy
    North
    Northamptonshire
    North Chean
    North China
    Northern
    Northern Fist
    Northern Gongfu
    Northern Horse
    North London
    Northwest
    Notion
    Nuance
    Nullify
    Number
    Numbers
    Nunchaku
    Oak
    Obedience
    Objective
    Obscure
    Observation
    Obstruction
    Ocean
    Oceania
    October
    Oda Nobunaga
    Offences
    Officials
    Oi
    Oi Tsuki
    Oi Zuki
    Okinawa
    Okinawa: An Island People
    Okinawan
    Okinawan Karate
    Old
    Old Age
    Old China
    Old Chinese
    Older
    Old Man
    Old Shoe
    O-M119
    O-M122
    O-M268
    Omastics
    One
    Oneness
    One Sided Horse
    Online
    Open
    Open Hand
    Open-hand
    Open-Space
    Opium
    Opium Pipe
    Opponent
    Oppression
    Order
    Organs
    Oriental City
    Origin
    ‘Orthodox Karate-Do – An Introduction’
    O'Sensei Higaonna Morio
    O Sensei Kimura Shigeru (10th Dan) [1941-1995]
    Otachi
    Out
    Outer
    Outlet
    Outside
    Out-smart
    Overcome
    Ownership
    Ox
    Oxford
    Oxyden
    Oxygen
    Pace
    Pacific
    Pacific War
    Pacific War (1941-1945)
    Padded
    Pain
    Pain-killing
    Pair
    Palm
    Palms
    Panda Bear
    Pan Guan (判官)
    ‘pan Shou’ (盘手)
    Pan Yu
    Pan Yu Ba
    'Pan Yu Ba' (盘屿八
    ‘Pan Yu Ba’ (盘屿八)
    Paper
    Paris
    Park
    Parry
    Particle
    Parts
    Pass
    Past
    Patch
    Path
    Pattern
    Patterns
    Payment
    Peace
    Peasant
    Pelvipelvic-girdle
    Pen
    Penetrate
    Penis
    People's Daily
    People's Militia
    Perception
    Perch
    Perfect
    Perfection
    Permanent
    Permission
    Persia
    Persona Non-grata
    Peter Irving
    'Pheonix Eye Fist' (凤凰眼拳
    Pheonix Eye Strike
    Philippines
    Philosophy
    Photgraphs
    Photograph
    Photographs
    Physical
    Physical Fitness Instructor
    Picts
    Pictures
    Pierce
    Piety Association
    Pik Wan
    Pinan
    Ping
    Pitch-fork
    Pivot
    PLA
    Place
    Placement
    Plaid
    Planning
    Plastic
    Play
    Playing
    Plotinus
    Plunge
    Poer
    Poetry
    Point
    Points
    Poise
    Polarity
    Pole
    Police
    Polish
    Polite
    Politics
    Pollution
    Pony
    Poole
    Popularity
    Porcelain
    Port
    Portuguese Slavery
    Positioining
    Position
    Positioning
    Positive
    Post-1945
    Post Office
    Postures
    Pot
    Pottery
    Poverty
    POW
    Power
    Power-fluidity
    Powerful
    Power Hitting
    Power-hitting
    POWs
    Practice
    Prajna
    Praying Mantis
    PRC
    Precise
    Precision
    Predatory Capitalism
    Pre-exist
    Prefecture
    Pre-Islam
    Preparation
    Prepare
    Prescription
    Presence
    Present
    Preservation
    Press
    Pressure
    Pressure Points
    Pressure Point Striking
    Prevail
    Prevailing
    Principles
    Print
    Prisoner
    Pristine
    Production
    Professional
    Profit
    Profound
    Profundities
    Prohibit
    Protect
    Protection
    Province
    Psyche
    Psychology
    PTI
    Published
    Published Article
    Publishing
    Publushing
    Pugilist
    Pull
    Punch
    Punch-bag
    Punching
    Punish
    Punishment
    Punti
    Pure
    Purification
    Purify
    Purpose
    Pursue
    Push
    Push Hands
    Putian
    Putonghua
    Qi
    Qianfeng School
    Qiang
    Qianlong
    Qian (钱)
    Qi Channels
    Qi Energvital Force
    Qi Energy
    Qi Flow
    Qi-flow
    Qigong
    Qigong (气功)
    Qi Jiguang
    Qi Magazine
    Qin
    Qin Dynasty
    Qing
    Qingding
    Qing Dynasty
    Qinghai
    Qin Na
    Qinna
    Qiu
    ‘qi’ (气)
    'qi' [氣]
    Quadriceps
    Quan
    Quanzhou
    Quarterly
    Queensbury Rules
    Qur'an
    Qu Shou
    Racing
    Racism
    Radical
    Rain
    Raised
    Rama
    Ram Muay
    Ran-Dori
    Randori
    Range
    Ran-Tori
    Rape
    Rape Of Beijing
    Rare
    Rattan Ring
    React
    Realism
    Reality
    Reality Gongfu
    Reason
    Re-attach
    Rebound
    Rebounding
    Receive
    Recognition
    Record
    Records
    Red Hill
    Redhill
    Re-direct
    Redirect
    Reference
    Refine
    Reflection
    Reflex
    Regulation
    Reigate
    Rein
    Reject
    Rejected
    Relax
    Relaxation
    Relaxation’ (弛 - Chi)
    Relaxed
    Relocate
    Removal
    Renting
    Ren Zhe
    Repetition
    Replemish
    Report
    Representative
    Republic
    Reputation
    Research
    Resist
    Resistance
    Resolution
    Resolve
    Respect
    Rest
    Restore
    Restuarant
    Retail
    Retainer
    Retirement Homes
    Retreat
    Retreive
    Retrieve
    Revenge
    Reverse
    Revised
    Revolutionary
    Revolve
    Rice
    Rice Fields
    Rich
    Richard Hunn
    Rickshaw
    Ride
    Ridicule
    Riding
    Right
    Righteous
    Right-hook
    Rightness
    Rigid
    ‘rigid’ (刚 - Gang)
    Rinan’ (日南)
    Ring
    Rip
    Rise
    Rising
    Ritsumeikan University
    Ritsumei University
    Ritual
    Ritual Dance
    River
    Road
    Robber
    Robust
    Rock
    Rock-climbing
    ROK
    Roll
    Rolled
    Roman
    Romans
    Romany
    Roof-tile
    Root
    Rooted
    Rootedness
    Rope
    Ross Road
    Rotate
    Rou
    Round
    Rounded
    Rounded Joints
    Round House
    Round-house
    Round-kick
    Rou Shu
    Royalty
    R Squadron
    Ruan (阮)
    Ruck Sack
    Rucksack
    Rule
    Run
    Running
    Ru Ru Ge
    Ru Ru Ko
    RU-RU-KO
    Russia
    Russian
    Ru Tu Ge
    Ryu
    Ryuei Ryu
    Ryu Kyu
    Ryukyu
    ‘Ryukyu Fist Law Tang Hand Way Historical Developmental Overview’ (琉球拳法唐手道沿革概要 - Liu Qiu Quan Fa Tang Shou Dao Yan Ge Gai Yao).
    Ryu Kyu Islands
    Ryu Ryu Ko
    Saba
    Sabot
    Sabotage
    Sacrifical Vessel
    Sacrifice
    Saddle
    Safe
    Sai
    Saifa
    Sai Kung
    Sai Kung Town
    Sailing
    Sailors
    Samadhi
    Samming City
    Samurai
    Sanch
    Sanchin
    Sanchin Kata
    Sanchin-stepping
    Sand
    Sanda
    Sangha
    Sanseiru
    San Soo
    San Zhan
    'San Zhan' (三战)
    SAR
    SAS
    Sashes
    Savate
    Scale
    Scapegoating
    Scattered
    Scholar
    Scholars
    School
    Science
    Science Advances
    Scott Hut
    Scout Hut
    Scraps
    Script
    Scroll
    Scts
    Sea
    Sea-bed
    Seal
    Seal Script
    Secrecy
    Section
    Secure
    Seeing
    Seipa
    Seipai
    Seisan
    Seize
    Self-cultivation
    Self-defence
    Self-development
    Self-serving
    Sell
    Seminar
    Senaka No Kitae
    Sensei
    Sensei Alan Bound
    Sensei Kimura Shigera
    Senshi
    Sensie Kimura Shigeru
    Sensitivity
    Sentence
    Sepai
    Sequence
    Seres
    Servants
    Set
    Settle
    Settlement
    Seunchin
    Severe
    Shaft
    Shake
    Shaking
    ‘shaking’ (摇 Yao)
    ‘shaking’ (摇 - Yao)
    Shallow
    Shaman
    Shan
    Shandong
    Shang
    Shang Dynasty
    Shanghai
    Shanghai Karate Kobudo Bozheng
    Shanghai Wushu Association
    Shang Heng
    Shaolin
    ‘Shaolin Five Ancestor Fist’ (少林五祖拳 - Shao Lin Wu Zu Quan)
    Shaolin Temple
    Shaolin (少林)
    Shape
    Sharp
    Shatter
    Shen
    Shen Shanxi
    ‘Shen’ (慎)
    Shen (慎)
    Shen (沈)
    Shi Fa
    Shift
    Shifting
    Shifu
    Shifu (師父)
    Shi Gong
    Shi Jiaming (石佳明)
    Shiko
    Shi Mingyu’ (释明余)
    Shinto
    Shipping
    Ships
    Shipwrecks
    Shito Ryu
    Shito Ryu (系东流)
    Shi Xingzheng
    Shoichin
    Shop
    Shorinji Kempo
    Shorin Ryu
    Short
    Short-Form
    Short-sword
    Sho Shin
    Shotokan
    Shotokan Ryu (松涛馆流的)
    Shou
    Shoulder
    Shout
    Showa
    Shu
    Shuang Jie Gun
    ​Shuang (双)
    Shuffle
    Shuijing
    Shu Jing
    Shukokai
    Shukokai Karate
    Shuri
    Shuriken
    Shuri Ryu
    Shuri Te
    Shuri-Te
    Si
    Siam
    Sichuan
    Sickle
    Siddalls Gardens
    Side
    Signatute
    Signed
    Silence
    Silk
    Sil Long
    Silver
    Simplicuty
    Singing
    Singing (鸣 - Ming)
    Single
    Single-edge
    Single Whip
    Sink
    Sino Japanese War
    Sino-Japanese War
    Situation
    Six Feet
    Six Lines
    SKF
    Skiing
    Skill
    Skin
    Skinning
    Skull
    Sky
    Slam
    Slap
    Slaves
    Sleep
    Slender
    Slice
    Slide
    Slip
    Slips
    Slither
    Slow
    Small
    Small Holding
    Smash
    Smith
    Smoking Pipe
    Smooth
    Snake
    Snake Creeps Down
    Snakes
    SNCO
    Sniper
    Sniping
    Snow
    Social
    Socialism
    Society
    Sō Dōshin (宗道臣) [1911-1980]
    Soft
    Soft Art
    Solar
    Solar Plexus
    Soldiers
    Sole
    Solid
    Solidity
    Son
    Song (宋) And Zhou (周)
    Soul
    Sound
    Source
    South
    South Africa
    South China
    South China Sea
    South-East
    Southern
    Southern Boat
    Southern Fist
    Southern Gongfu
    Southern Karate-do Wado-Kai
    Southern Karate Do Wado Ryu
    Southern Karate-Do Wado Ryu
    Southern Shaolin
    South London
    South Paw
    Sovereign Leisure Centre
    Space
    Spain
    Sparring
    Speak
    Spear
    Special
    Spedd
    Speed
    Spindle
    Spine
    Spinning
    Spiral
    Spirit
    Spiritual
    Spirituality
    Spiritual Laziness
    Split
    Sport
    Sport Karate
    Sports
    Spped
    Spread
    Spring And Autumn
    Spring-loaded
    Spy
    Spying
    Square
    Squat Kicks
    Squat-kicks
    Squatting
    Stab
    Stabbing
    Stabce
    Stability
    Stable
    Staff
    Stake
    St Albans Road
    Stam
    Stamina
    Stamp
    Stance
    Stance Syability
    Standing
    Stand Up
    Star
    Start
    State
    Statue
    Steal
    Stealth
    Steel Wire
    Stele
    Step
    Step-Law
    Steppe
    Stick
    Sticks
    Sticky-hand
    Sticky-Hands
    Stiffness
    Stifle
    Still
    Still Mind
    Stillness
    Stirrups
    Stocism
    Stone
    Stoneleigh
    Stop
    Storms
    St Petersburg
    Straight
    Straight Long Sword
    Straits
    Straw
    Stream
    Street
    Strength
    Strengthen
    Strengthening
    Stretch
    Strict
    Strike
    Strikes
    Striking
    Striking Post
    Strong
    Structure
    Structures
    Student
    Study
    Stunned
    Stupidity
    Style
    Style Frame
    Stylised
    Subdue
    Submission
    Success
    Sue-Ling
    Su Feng
    Sui
    Suicide
    Sui Dynasty
    Sui Po
    Summer
    Sumo
    Sun
    Sunday
    Sunzi
    Suparinpei
    Suparinpei Kata
    Superficial
    Supplement
    Support
    Suppress
    Suprise
    Surangama Sutra
    Surface
    Surgery
    Suri-Ashi
    Sur-Ling
    Surname
    Surnames
    Surrey
    Survival
    Suspend
    Sutra
    Sutton
    Sutton District \School
    Su Yinghan
    Suzuki
    Swamps
    Sway
    Swaying
    Sweat
    Sweating Ox
    Swing
    Switch
    Swival
    Sword
    Sympathy
    Symposium
    Sype
    System
    Tagou
    Tai
    Tai Chi Magazine
    Taiji
    Taijiquan
    Taiji Tu
    Taipei
    Taipong
    Tai Sabaki
    Taiwan
    Taiyi
    Taizu
    Taji Sword
    Take-Away
    Talent
    Tamar
    Tameshigiri (試し切り)
    Tan
    Tang
    Tang Dou
    Tang Dynasty
    Tang Hand
    ‘Tang Hand’ (唐手 - Tang Shou).
    Tang Lixian
    Tang Quan’ (唐拳)
    Tang Rong
    Tang Shou
    Tang Ying
    Tao (陶)
    Tap
    Target
    Tartan
    Tatami
    TCM
    Te
    Tea
    Teacher
    Teachers
    Teaching
    Tea Shop
    Technique
    Telegram
    Telegraph
    Temple
    Temples
    Tendon
    Tendons
    Tense
    Tenshin Ryu
    Tenshin Ryu (天心流) War Of Art (兵法)
    Tensho
    Tensho' (转掌 - Zhan Zhuan)
    Tension
    Terms
    Terrain
    Test
    Testicles
    Testing
    Texts
    Thai Boxing
    Thai King
    Thailand
    The Fight
    The Fujian 'Tang Shou' Karate-Do Association
    Theory
    Theravada
    Thigh
    Thinking
    Third Ear
    Third-Eye
    Thought
    Thousand
    Thrash
    Threads
    Three
    Three Battles
    Thresh
    Through
    Through Back
    Throw
    Throwing
    Thrust
    Thug
    Tian
    Tian (田)
    Tibet
    Tied
    Tiger
    Tiger Mouth
    Tiger-Mouth
    TikTok
    Time
    Timing
    Tip
    Tissue
    Title
    Titles
    Tiverton
    Tokizawa Yahei
    Tokuda Yasuharu (徳田安文)
    Tokugawa Shogunate
    Tokyo
    Tomari-te
    Tomb
    Tom Beardsley
    Tomb Stones
    Tommy Hearns
    Tom Newham
    Tong
    Tongbai
    Tong Bei
    Tongbei
    Tongliang
    Tony Smith
    Tony Smith 5th Dan
    Top
    Topple
    Tori-Te
    Toro Gushi Uke
    Torque
    Torrent
    Torso
    Torture
    Toshio Tsukamoto
    Totem
    Touch
    Tough
    Toughen
    Trade
    Tradition
    Traditional
    Traditional Karate
    Train
    Training
    Training Hall
    Training Hall China
    Train Station
    Tranquil
    Tranquillity
    Transcend
    Transform
    Transformation
    Transition
    Translate
    Translation
    Transliteration
    Transmission
    Transmit
    Transmitting
    ‘Transmitting Brilliance Training Hall’ (講明館 - Ko Mei Kan).
    Transport
    Trap
    Travel
    Treasure
    Tree
    Trees
    Tremble
    ‘tremble’ (抖 - Dou)
    Tribes
    Tribute
    Trident
    Trigram
    Trip
    Triple Gem
    Tripping
    Truncheon
    Truth
    Tsim Sha Tsui
    Tsuki
    Tsuru
    Tumble
    Turkic
    Turn
    Turning
    Turning-about
    Turning Palm
    TV
    Twenty-Eight Perches’ (鸣鹤拳二十八宿 - Ming He Quan Er Shi Ba Su
    Twin
    Twist
    Two
    Two-finger Ch'an
    Tyranny
    Ueshiba Kisshōmaru
    Ueshiba Morihei
    UFC
    UK
    Uke
    Umbrella
    UN
    Unarmed
    Unarmed Combat
    Unconsciousness
    Under-cut
    Understan
    Understand
    Understanding
    Undo
    Unequal Treaties
    Unified
    Unity
    Universal Kata Number 1 & 2
    Universe
    Upanishads
    Upper
    Upper Block
    Upper Body
    Upper-cut
    Uprisings
    Urban
    Urn
    Urumqi
    US
    USA
    US Cold War
    US Imperialism
    US Racism
    Valued
    VCD
    Vegetarian
    ‘Venerable Xiao’
    Vertical
    Vessel
    Vessels
    Vibrant
    Vibrating
    Victoria Harbour
    Vid
    Video
    Vietnam
    Vigour
    Village
    Villages
    Vimalakirti
    Vinaya
    Vintage
    Violence
    Virgin Gym - Abbey Mills
    Virtue
    Vision
    Visit
    Vital Force
    Void
    Vol. 32
    Wado Kai
    Wado-Kai
    Wado Ryu
    Wado Ryu (和道流)
    Waidan
    Waigong
    Wai Kru
    Waist
    ‘waist’ Root (腰根 - Yao Gen)
    Wakizashi
    Wales
    Walking
    Wall
    Wanderers
    Wang Biandou
    Wang Changhai (王长海)
    Wang Maozhai
    Wang Meng
    ‘Wang Qingmin’ (王庆民)
    Wang Shi’an’ (王士庵)
    Wang Xiangui
    Wang Zhiying (王子英).
    Wang (王)
    War
    War Crimes
    Warfare
    Warm
    War Man Way
    Warm-up
    Warp
    Warring States
    Warrior
    Warrior-monks
    Warriors
    Wars
    Water
    Water Margin
    Wave
    Way
    Wayfarer Publication
    Way Of Harmony
    Way Of Peace
    Way Of The Warrior
    Weakness
    Weapon
    Weaponised
    Weaponry
    Weapons
    Weather
    Weave
    Weaving
    Website
    Weft
    Weight
    Weighted
    Weighted Ruck Sack
    Weightlifting
    Weight Training
    Wei Ke Da)
    Wei (魏)
    Weng Xinhui
    Weng (翁)
    West
    Western
    Westerners
    Western Han
    Western Technology
    West Lake Public Park
    Wheels
    White
    White Crane
    White Crane Fist
    White Horse Lake
    White Silk Seal
    Whole
    Whooping
    Whooping Crane Fist
    ‘Whooping Crane Fist’ (鸣鹤拳 - Ming He Quan)
    Wide Stance
    Width
    Wijiaoteng Village
    Wikipedia
    Wild
    Will
    Wind
    Wine
    Wing Chun
    Wings
    Wisdom
    Wise
    Withstand
    Wivers
    Wobble
    WOII
    Wolves
    Woman
    Women
    Wonder
    Wong Tai Sin
    Wood
    World
    Wounds
    Wrapping Silk
    Wrestling
    Wrist
    Writing Brush'
    Wsom
    Wu
    Wudang
    Wudang Internal Family Fist Law’ (武当内家拳法)
    Wudang Mountain Geological Museum (武当山地质博物馆)
    Wudang Mountain Special Zone Planning Hall (武当山特区规划馆)
    Wudang (武当)
    Wu Qin Yi
    Wu Shi Dao
    Wu Shu
    Wushu
    WuShu]Gongfu
    Wu Weiyang (武维扬)
    Wu Xiangui
    Wu Xiangui [伍賢貴] (1886 1940)
    Wu Xiangui [伍賢貴] (1886-1940)
    Wu Xiangui (呉賢貴)
    Wu (伍)
    Wu (吴)
    Wu (吴)
    Wu (武)
    Wu (邬)
    WWII
    Wyles
    Xia Dynasty
    Xiamen
    Xiang'an District
    Xiangding
    Xiang (向)
    Xiao Dingpei (肖定沛)
    Xiao Shuide (萧铄德)
    Xiao Yujun (小鱼君)
    Xiaozi
    Xie Chongxiang
    Xie Chongxiang (謝崇祥)
    Xie Chongxiang (谢崇祥)
    Xie Chongxiang’ (谢崇祥)
    Xie Chongxiang’ [谢崇祥]
    Xie Congxiang
    Xie Ru Ru
    Xie Ruru
    Xie Ru Ru’ (谢如如)
    Xie Ruru (谢如如)
    Xie Zongxiang
    Xie Zongxiang’ (谢宗祥)
    ‘Xie Zunshi’ (谢尊志)
    Xingyi
    Xingyiquan
    Xinhua
    Xining
    Xinjiang
    Xi Yang Zhang
    Xu Lanyu (徐兰雨)
    Xu Xiaodong (徐晓冬)
    Xu (许)
    Yagi Akitoku
    Yagi Akitoku (1952)
    Yagi Akitoku [八木明德] (1912 2003)
    Yagi Akitoku [八木明德] (1912-2003)
    Yamaguchi Gichin
    ‘Yamaguchi Gogen’
    Yamaguchi Gogen
    ‘Yamaguchi Minoru’ {山口實実)
    Yamamoto Atsuyuki
    Yamamoto Kagura
    Yamashiro Katsuya
    Yamashiro Yoshitomo
    Yang
    Yang Style
    'Yan Mengyong' (严孟永)
    Yanqing
    Yanzhou
    Yan (颜)
    Yasuke
    Yau
    ‘Ye Jianan’ (叶建安)
    Yellow Emperor
    Yi
    Yield
    Yijing
    Yijing Jing
    Yin
    Yin Bagua Zhang
    Yin Fu
    Ying (英)
    Yin-tang
    Yin-yang
    Yin (尹)
    Yisang
    ‘Yi’ (意
    Yongchun
    Yongquan
    Yongzheng Emperor
    Yoshihara
    Yoshitaka Inokuma (猪熊佳孝)
    YouKu
    Young
    Youth
    Youth Centre 21
    Youthful Folly
    Yuan Dynasty
    Yu Baoyan (余宝炎)
    Yu Danqiu (余丹秋)
    Yuika Tokashiki (渡嘉敷唯贤​)
    Yu (俞)
    Zagong
    Zen
    Zen At War
    Zeng Si
    Zhaihui
    Zhang Huqin (张虎勤)
    Zhang Sanfeng
    Zhang (张) And Li (李)
    Zhao Ming Wang
    Zheng Li’ (郑礼)
    Zheng (郑)
    Zhenru Temple
    'Zhiyuan' (智远)
    Zhou Dynasty
    Zhou (周)
    Zhuang-Dong (壮侗)
    Zhuanzhuang
    Zhuhai
    Zhu Yuanzhang’ (朱元璋)
    Zodiac
    Zong (宗)
    Zoom
    ‘Zou Zongtang’ (左宗棠)
    Zuki
    Клуб Годзю-рю каратэ Тори
    Сенсеем Богданом Курилко
    تای چی راه بی پایان
    مازیار کتابت
    おおたち
    ‘か’ (Kaku
    かい
    かきえ
    カキエ
    カキエ
    カキエー
    かきえ = Kakie
    カキテ = Kakite
    カキティ
    カキディ
    カケテ
    かけで
    かけて = Kakete
    き(ki)
    コウキ
    ‘ず’ (Zu)
    そほうか
    'チ' (Chi)
    ‘つる’ (Tsuru)
    はら
    ふたつえ
    ぶん
    ムチミ
    ルールーコウ
    ​一 (yi1)
    一拳必殺
    一百零八手 (Yi Bai Ling Ba Shou) = Suparinpei
    三十六手
    三十六手 (San Shi Liu Shou) = Sanseru
    三战
    (三战 San Zhan)
    (三战 - San Zhan)
    三战等 (San Zhan) = Sanchin
    三戦
    三议妙 - San Yi Miao
    下丹田 - Xia Dan Tian
    下段払い
    下段払い
    丘
    东恩纳宽用
    东恩纳盛男先生
    丹田
    (丹田 - Dan Tian)
    ​丿(yi4)
    久留顿破
    久留顿破 (Jiu Liu Dun Po) = Kururunfa
    久米
    乱捕り
    予備運動 - Yo Bi Un Do
    二十八宿
    五祖
    五行
    仲井真元楷)
    传统武术
    体捌き
    修交会
    儿 - 儿 - コ
    內 - Nei
    內經
    八极拳
    八门五步 - Ba Men Wu Bu)
    '八闽' (Ba Min)
    公
    六机手
    六机手
    六机手 (Liu Ju Shou) = Rokuki
    '关元' (Guan Yuan)
    兵法
    内 - Nei
    (内功 - Neigong)
    内外合一 - Nei Wai He Ye
    决定
    凡 (fan2)
    击碎
    击碎
    击碎第一
    击碎第一
    击碎第三
    击碎第二
    击碎第二
    刀
    分解
    刘氏
    刚柔流
    刚柔流空手道
    制引战 (Zhi Yin Zhan) = Seiyunchin
    制引戦
    剑 - Jian
    剛
    剛柔体操 - Go Ju Tai Misao)
    剛柔流空手道
    劉衛流
    劉龍公
    '劍‘ (jian4)
    力手元!
    功夫散手
    ‘勿’ (wu4)
    北蛇拳
    十三手
    十三手 (Shi San Shou) = Seisan
    十八手
    十八手
    十八手 (Shi Ba Shou) = Seipai
    南少林拳法
    南拳
    南拳
    (南拳 - Nan Quan)
    南拳 - Nan Quan
    南船北马
    卦
    印掌 (Yin Zhang)
    又 (you4)
    又吉真豊直伝白鶴兵法三段の形
    双截棍)
    双蝶掌
    双风贯耳
    取手
    受
    受 (shou4)
    古田教案
    '合' (He2)!
    合氣道
    吉原 - Ji Yuan
    吕紫剑]
    吳賢貴
    吴贤贵
    吴贤贵
    呉賢貴
    (和道流)
    咏春拳
    唐
    唐手
    唐手
    唐手 - Tang Shou
    唐朵
    唐榮)
    唐營
    唐禮賢
    唐营
    囍
    四向战
    四向战 (Si Xiang Zhan) = Shisochin
    回転
    (地术拳 - Di Shu Quan)
    ‘型’ (xing2)
    壹百零八手
    外 - Wai
    外 - Wai
    大太刀
    大暍酒
    大熊猫
    天回医学竹简
    太庙 - Tai Miao
    太极拳
    太極拳經
    太祖
    '套' (Tao)
    如如哥
    孔
    客家武术
    宫城安一
    宫城長祥
    宮城敬
    宮城敬
    [宮城敬]
    宮城 長順
    寛量
    導引
    少林拳 - Shaolin Quan
    少林罗汉拳 - Shao Lin Luo Han Quan
    巛 (chuan1)
    巠 (jing1)
    工 (gong1)
    师公
    幕阜山 - Mu Fu Shan
    ‘干’ (gan1)
    (庚子
    張三丰
    彌助
    '形' (Xing)
    形 - Xing
    形 - Xing
    ‘形’ (xing2)
    形意
    形象 - Xian Xiang
    忍者
    慎善熙
    慎善熙
    慎善熙 (Shen Shanxi)
    戚繼光
    截拳道
    '手' (shou3)
    手为先锋 (Shou Wei Xianfeng)
    拳
    '拳' (quan2)
    拳击爱好
    拳打六路 (Quan Da Liulu)
    拳经捷要篇
    掛 (gua4) 手 (shou3)
    掛け合い
    掛け手 (Ka Ke Te)
    掛手
    掛手
    (推手 - Tui Shou)
    握瓮 – Nigiri-Game
    搂子
    '摩' (mo2)
    撃砕
    擒拿
    攻防一体虎口廻受
    ‘教士’ (Jiao Shi)
    斋会
    新垣隆功
    方孔 - Fang Kong
    ‘日‘ (ri4)
    明手暗腿
    易筋經
    易經
    晰阳掌
    書經
    曾四
    東恩納 寛量'
    東恩納寬量
    林
    林伟功)
    林达崇
    林达崇
    架 - Jia
    柔
    柔 - Rou)
    柔術
    查拳
    梦斌
    植芝 吉祥丸
    植芝 盛平
    步法
    步法-Suri-Ashi
    武
    武备志’
    (武备志 - Wu Bei Zhi)
    武道
    段
    气 - Qi
    气功
    氣
    氣
    氣功
    永光
    永春
    決め
    沖縄
    泥丸宫 - Ni Wan Gong
    洪家拳
    洪拳
    浑元
    涌泉
    清定
    清定
    湖城
    潘嶼八
    炀
    爪 (zhao3)
    (狗拳 - Gou Quan)
    '狮'
    王扁豆
    王茂斋
    琉求’ (Liuqiu)
    琉球
    琉球 - Liu Qiu
    甕
    白鶴
    白鶴拳
    白鹤
    白鹤拳
    白鹤拳
    白鹤拳 - Bai He Quan
    白鹤拳 - Bai He Quan)
    百步神拳 (Bai Bu Shan Quan)
    盘屿
    (盘屿八)
    着
    知花朝信
    '石' (shi2).
    破門
    硬气功 - Ying Qi Gong
    硬氣功
    碎破
    碎破 (Sui Po) = Saifa
    祓
    神
    神
    '神' (Shen)
    神象 - Shen Xiang)
    禊
    福建白鶴拳
    秦
    空手
    空手 - Kong Shou
    突 (tu)
    '站桩' (Zhan Zhuang)
    竞楠
    '粵' Yue
    精
    精
    素封
    組手
    缠丝劲
    罗汉拳
    罗汉拳
    罗汉拳 - Luo Han Quan
    羅漢十八摩
    羅漢拳
    羅漢拳
    義和拳
    翁信辉)
    脚为帅 (Jiao Wei Shuai)
    脚踢八方 (Jiao Tī Bafang)
    茂木村
    萧和尚 - Xiao He Shang
    蒋雪珍
    虎口受け
    虚云大师
    ‘蜴’ (yi4)
    螳螂拳
    衛克達
    補助
    西湖公园
    西貢
    詠春
    講明館
    謝如如
    謝宗祥
    謝崇祥
    谢如如
    谢如如
    谢崇祥
    谢崇祥
    贤亮
    (足 - Ashi)
    跌打酒
    転掌
    轉掌
    转掌
    追 い 突 き
    逆 (ni4)
    逆突き
    ) 透劲 (Tou Jin)
    通背
    通背
    運動
    道
    那覇手
    那霸手
    '邱
    释行正
    野太刀
    ‘金剛圈’ (Jin Gang Quan)
    ‘金城 敬章’ - ‘Kinjo Hiroaki’
    釵
    錬士
    ‘錬士’ (Ren Shi)
    鎚石
    铁斗酒
    铁牛
    長拳
    闽
    '闽' (Min)
    陳
    陳
    陳天生
    陳家
    隋書 - Sui Shu
    隔山打牛 (Ge Shan Da Niu)
    隔空打人 (Ge Kong Jin Ren)
    雜功
    面子
    '順' (shun4)
    風け合い
    風水
    馬步
    高手’ (Gao Shou)
    鳴鶴拳
    '鶴' (he4)
    鶴 (he4)
    鶴の手
    鶴の手
    鸣鹤拳
    鸣鹤拳 - Ming He Quan
    鹤仙 - He Xian
    鹤巢寺
    鹤拳- He Quan)
    黃初平
    點穴
    點脈

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