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A Brief Biography of O'Sensei Higaonna Kanryo (1853-1915)

8/4/2022

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O'Sensei Higaonna Kanryo
Translator’s Note: I encounter this (historical) Goju Ryu article on the Chinese language internet (Baidu). It appears to be a Chinese translation of the biography of Higaonna Kanryo (1853-1915) as preserved by Higaonna Morio (b. 1938) in his book entitled ‘The History of Goju Ryu Karate-Do' - which I believe has been published in English – but is difficult to find nowadays. I have carefully worked my way through this Chinese language text and generated a reliable English language translation. Sometimes, when articles of this nature appear in different languages (and are intended for different cultural milieus), the way the information is presented can sometimes be moulded and shaped to match the very different reading communities the data is intended to penetrate, etc. Originally, Miyagi Anichi (宫城安一) transmitted this information to one ‘Lin Shifan’ (林师范). Although I have no way of knowing who this is, from the other translation work I have completed on this subject, I know that the real name of Pan Yu Ba (潘嶼八) was ‘Lin Dachong’ (林达崇) and that the ‘Lin’ (林) family of the Fuzhou area of Fujian province are very interested in this matter. A number of this ‘Lin’ (林) family-clan are practitioners of various types of ‘White Crane Fist’ (白鶴拳 - Bai He Quan) with many assuming a historical ‘link’ with Higaonna Kanryo – either directly or indirectly! One point that needs clarification is the following. I appreciate that the island of Okinawa was devastated during the Battle of Okinawa during the Pacific War (1941-1945) and that a great deal of irreplaceable history and culture was destroyed. This means that the historical evidence gathered from Fuzhou by Higaonna Kanryo, Miyagi Chojun (and others) and brought back to Okinawa was lost. However, the Battle of Okinawa did not happen in Fuzhou – although South China did experience the equally devastating Taiping Uprising and the Hakka Punti Clan Wars both in the mid-19th century with millions being killed. However, despite this violence and upheaval Miyagai Chojun found evidence of the existence ‘Liu Long (Gong)’ in 1915 when he visited Fuzhou (in the form of an engraved tombstone) - despite the cultural shock of the 1911 ‘Nationalist’ Revolution! The Anti-Japanese War of Resistance was also equally disastrous (1931-1945) as was elements of the Chinese Civil War (which ended in ‘Liberation’ in 1949). Although some elements of the ‘Cultural Revolution’ (1966-1976) targeted well-known structures and historical buildings, etc, it is doubtful that the tombstone of a relatively obscure martial arts Master would be touched – as China is full of such people who routinely attain extraordinary levels of inner and outer martial skill (even where destructive acts were caried out – it is generally the case that every object or structure targeted was ‘recorded’ and in later times repaired or replaced)! As this is the case, and given that the physical evidence has been lost in Okinawa – why is there no obvious physical evidence in Fuzhou itself? This is quandary all of its own - which is part of a much bigger picture - involving many hundreds if not many thousands of people in China, Okinawa and around the world all of whom possess a genuine respect and admiration for the style of Goju Ryu. These people are seeking to uncover its historical roots for all to see! No stone should be left unturned regardless of its weight or shape! There should be no areas of taboo when researching this matter. ACW (4.8.2022) 
In fact, there are not many records about the deeds of Higaonna Kanryo (东恩纳宽量 Dong En Na Kuan Liang) – a situation compounded by the fact that Mr Miyagi Anichi (宫城安一 - Gong Cheng An Chi) asked for confidentiality. Therefore, people outside know very little, but this is a situation we intend to change when the ‘Higaonna Kanryo Memorial Hall’ (纪念馆 - Ji Nian Guan) is finally completed and opened, by making available further biographical details that were previously ‘secret’. Part of this historical project is to highlight and confirm China’s vital (cultural) contribution to the origination of the ‘Goju Ryu Karate-Do' (刚柔流空手道 - Gang Rou Liu Kong Shou Dao) style of Okinawan martial arts - or the ‘Hard-Soft School Empty Open-Hand Way’. Indeed, we should be proud about this association between Okinawa and China and make this fact better known amongst the people. Furthermore, many of us in Okinawa are of ethnic Chinese descent and we should be proud of this fact. Needless to say, without the effort and sacrifice carried-out and experienced by Higaonna Kanryo – there would be no Goju Ryu Karate-Do in this world! 
​

The ethnically Chinese ‘Shen’ (慎) family of Okinawa changed their family to ‘Higaonna’ (东恩纳 - Dong En Na). This is correct as the family of Higaonna Kanryo were of ethnic Chinese descent and were one of the many Chinese families that migrated from China to settle in Okinawa (Ryukyu). Higaonna Kanryo was the 10th generation descendent of the Chinese people who originally migrated to Okinawa (Ryukyu) from China – and the name of his father was ‘Higaonna Onna’ (东恩纳宽用 - Dong En Na Kuan Yong).  

Why Did the Higaonna Family Change Their Family (Surname)? 

Why did they change their family (surname) from the Chinese-sounding ‘Shen’ (慎) to the Japanese-sounding ‘Higaonna’ (东恩纳 - Dong En Na)? Legend states that after Japan annexed and occupied the Ryukyu Islands – all the ethnically Chinese people were forced to change their family (surnames) to Japanese-sounding equivalents. The new Japanese government control made it illegal for ethnic Chinese families to continue to use their ancestral names. This is when the Chinese ‘Shen’ (慎) family changed their name to the Japanese-sounding ‘Higaonna’ (东恩纳 - Dong En Na) surname. However, despite this new Japanese policy – many ethnically Chinese families living in Okinawa (Ryukyu) publically presented their family (and ‘first’) names in the Japanese language (for official, commercial and legal reasons) - but carried on in secret giving their children ethnically Chinese family (and ‘first’) names so that they would not forget that they were of ‘Chinese’ ethnic and cultural origin! Therefore, the ‘Chinese’ name given to ‘Higaonna Kanryo’ was ‘慎善熙’ or ‘Shen Shanxi’!  

What Was the Real Reason Higaonna Kanryo Travelled to China to Learn Martial Arts?
​
 
The Shen family was engaged in the maritime business and possessed a fleet of ships that collected, transported and delivered trading goods between the many Ryukyu Islands. When Higaonna Kanryo was aged around 13 years (and four months) old, his father – Higaonna Onna – was killed by a knife-blow whilst engaged in a dispute with an individual in a tavern. After this, the family business was taken over by relatives. Although still young, even at 13 years of age, Higaonna Kanryo was already a well-built youth! He had heard that Chinese martial arts possessed the ability to kill enemies with a single blow and so he naively thought that if he could travel to China – learn these deadly arts – and then return to Okinawa to take revenge on his father’s killer! Travelling to China in those days invariably meant travelling to ‘Fuzhou’ (the capital city of Fujian province), a process which was legally difficult and depended primarily upon the weather! As the boats depended upon sails – and given that there were no motorboats in those days – the weather had to be just right before any journey could begin. The wooden boats of those days were very ‘light’ and built for in-coast travelling at speed. There were not very robust and not suited for the wide-open seas. If a storm was encountered at any point on the journey – certain death was almost ensured! All these difficulties existed even if the legal documents to travel to China could be cleared by the Japanese and Chinese Authorities! All these difficulties formed barriers between Higaonna Kanryo and his wish to travel to (Fuzhou) in China! 

Higaonna Kanryo, however, did eventually manage to achieve all these objectives using determination and a logical approach to planning. He took-on one task at a time and achieved everything in the correct order. This is how he eventually achieved his objective of successfully sailing from Okinawa to Fuzhou! Upon arrival, Higaonna Kanryo secured a place of residence in the ‘Ryukyu Pavilion’ (琉球馆 - Liu Qui Guan) - a ‘Hotel’ and ‘Hostel’ situated in Fuzhou but paid for and administered by the Ryukyu government. This establishment catered for the everyday living requirements of visiting Okinawan travellers. After he settled down and became familiar with the local culture, Higaonna Kanryo started to enquire if anyone knew of a martial arts teacher who would be willing to take-on a new apprentice? Of course, this was not an easy task as most Chinese martial arts lineages were ‘closed’ at that time and highly ‘secretive’. Fathers usually taught sons and outsiders were not permitted to learn family martial arts! An ‘outsider’ was not only a foreigner from another country – but any Chinese person originating from a different name-clan! Higaonna Kanryo was 15 years (six months) old and an ‘out-of-towner'! As a result, he searched for nearly a year but could not find a teacher. The person in charge of the Ryukyu Pavilion knew of his painstaking efforts and eventually decided to introduce him to a local 40-year-old person known publically as ‘Liu Long’ (刘龙) - (also referred to as ‘Gong’ [公 ]) a well-known and well-respected martial arts teacher! (This is a ‘transliteration’ - see Note 1). 
​

This Liu Long (Gong) was very famous in the marketplace. Although he was highly skilled in self-defence, he did not make a living by teaching martial arts. It seems that teaching martial arts was a matter of honour (not profit) for this Master, and this made his teaching method rather strict. He earned his living through the business of transporting building materials. After Higaonna Kanryo was introduced, he was given the task of carrying bricks and tiles during the day to make a living, and only practiced martial arts at night. The tiles and bricks were heavy and had to be moved by hand from the storage area to the dock, and from the dock onto waiting barges (large, wooden boats). A working day lasted between 8-10 hours of continuous muscular effort! Higaonna Kanryo could lift one or two hundred kilograms of bricks and tiles each time and walk with this load up and down steps and across narrow planks of wood without dropping the load or losing his footing! A strong adult male would find this type of work difficult – how much more so would a youth of 15 or 16 years old! This was tremendously hard work – as can be imagined - but this kind of physical training laid a sound foundation for a wide range of martial arts techniques! 

As the working environment was next to the river, Liu Long (Gong) possessed a house (and workshop) which were built by the river. This comprised of a two-storey construction made of bamboo with Liu Long (Gong) living on the upper floor with his family and Higaonna Kanryo living on the next level down. This lower level was about 2-3 meters up from the water surface, and possessed a floor made of bamboo branches which left many gaps! This meant that every night a cold wind blew through the structure arising from the water-surface just beneath the bamboo floor! This created a very cold floor that was often near to freezing – a situation which made lying down and properly sleeping a very difficult task! To survive the cold, Higaonna Kanryo would get up and practice the ‘Sanchin’ (三战 - San Zhan) or ‘Three Battles’ dynamic tension exercise until dawn – when the coldness would begin to pass! This may well explain why Higaonna Kanryo’s ‘Sanchin’ Kata was considered so good! (See Note 2).  ​
Note 1: 

It is believed that ‘Liu Long’ (刘龙) is his real name, with the designation ‘Gong’ (公) being honorific. From the Fuzhou language that spread to Okinawa – his name is used whilst describing his fast feet – which phonetically transliterates as ‘ka gin ka ryu ryu’ (‘Really fast feet of Liu Long’). This suggests that ‘Liu Long’ (Ryu Ryu) is his real name – and not ‘Liu Longgong’. However, this does not exactly corelate to ‘Ryu Ryu KO’ (如如哥 - Ru Ru Ge). 

Note 2: 
​

Higaonna Kanryo’s ‘Sanchin’ Kata was declared to be ‘excellent’ after he returned to Okinawa! This came about after a local martial artist named ‘Hucheng’ (湖城) challenged Higaonna Kanryo – stating that his ‘Sanchin’ Kata was superior! The allegation was that Higaonna Kanryo’s ‘Sanchin’ Kata was inferior is some way and this created a great controversy throughout Okinawa! Many local martial artists were eager to see this matter settled once and for all. Therefore, a doctor (and his medical assistants) from the Okinawa Prefectural Hospital was invited to help with the investigation. He was given the task of deciding from a medical point of view, which version of the ‘Sanchin’ Kata generated the greater strength!  
​

This led to Higaonna Kanryo and Hucheng demonstrating their respective versions of the ‘Sanchin’ Kata in-front of a panel of medical experts! The performances were examined by the medical doctor who paid close attention to the length of time each inward, outward and transitional breath took, the capacity to take-in and expel ‘air’ (气 - Qi), and the consistency and firmness of muscular ‘tension’ (力 - Li) achieved. The full breathing and muscular tension had to be maintained whist stepping forward and back, and whilst changing the positions of the arms and hands, etc. The medical results proved that the ‘Sanchin’ Kata as performed by Higaonna Kanryo was several times more impressive (and effective) than the version exhibited by ‘Hucheng’. The doctors were surprised to witness the length and depth of each inward, outward and transitional breath made by Higaonna Kanryo as well as the extent of ‘qi’ energy he was able to accumulate and circulate! Furthermore, the doctors checked and confirmed that Higaonna Kanryo was able to ‘retract’ his testicles into the lower abdomen during his performance of the ‘Sanchin’ Kata – and retain this ‘retraction’ with no difficulty whilst stepping in different directions! This is an ancient martial arts ability that is rare in the modern age and is termed ‘吊裆藏阳功夫’ (Diao Dang Cang Yang Gong Fu) or ‘Hanging Groin Concealment Positive Energy [Yang] Martial Self-Cultivation). This (internal) ancient martial arts method was developed to protect a male practitioner from being kicked (or otherwise ‘struck’) in the testicle area of the groin. When all these abilities were fully investigated and verified, the skill-level of Higaonna Kanryo was declared to be obviously of a far superior level! Indeed, the people of Okinawa were (and are) very proud of the ‘Naha Te’ (那霸手 - Na Ha Shou) style of martial arts Higaonna Kanryo practiced and taught. (‘Naha Te’ is considered the foundational forerunner to the ‘Goju Ryu’ [刚柔 - Hard-Soft] style of martial arts that was later developed by his disciples – specifically ‘Miyagi Chojun’ [宮城 長順]). Of course, ‘Naha’ is a famous city situated to the South of Okinawa.  ​
Fifteen years later, Higaonna Kanryo had developed from a robust boy to a very strong and mature male martial artist! Due to the increasing international tension of the time, foreign powers began to invade and occupy China, and Liu Long feared that there would be wars. He advised his disciple – Higaonna Kanryo – to return to the relative safety of his home in Okinawa to avoid the danger. Before he left, however, Liu Long transmitted the essence of the martial arts style to him and gave him full permission to transmit this style to others! As Higaonna Kanryo was very loyal to his teacher – Liu Long – he was very reluctant to leave his side and return to Okinawa! Higaonna Kanryo only obeyed Liu Long’s instruction with a sincere regret! When he returned to Okinawa, Higaonna Kanryo had to take-over his father’s business of operating water freight and could not yet teach the martial arts to others that he had learned in Fuzhou (China) - although he continued to practice in private. Eventually, however, his ship sank in a typhoon and this business came to an end.  

Although it was common knowledge that Higaonna Kanryo had travelled to Fuzhou to train in Chinese martial arts as a means to enact revenge upon his father’s murderer – time passed, and he took no action against the killer! Instead, the now older and more mature Higaonna Kanryo was a strong role model who upheld the law and was respected by the entire community! He seemed to show no interest in his father’s murderer and simply went about his day! Months went by and nothing happened. Meanwhile, the murderer of his father was aware of this situation and as time went by his mental state became ever more restless and apprehensive. He had no idea when Higaonna Kanryo would take action or make his move. From his perspective – the psychological and physical pressure became almost unbearable! This prompted the killer to visit the home of Higaonna Kanryo and knelt down outside his front door and bowed his head to the ground! He begged for forgiveness and explained that both he and his father were drunk, and both had got into an alcohol-fuelled brawl which ended in the latter's death. He further explained that it was his father who drew his own knife and attacked him - and that he was forced to defend himself! He took the knife off his father and accidently stabbed his father with it – who died from the wound! He was arrested tried by the Okinawan Authorities – who agreed upon the details of the case (confirming that it was an act of ‘murder’ carried-out in ‘self-defence’) and returned the knife to the Higaonna family (as it was their property)! The individual concerned was sent to prison and had served his time. After listening to this story, Higaonna Kanryo agreed with this explanation and stated that this individual should no longer worry about the expected consequences of his actions! Higaonna Kanryo stated ‘Okay, I believe you. Forget about it!’ Many people had gathered to watch what they thought would be a good but one-sided fight – thought this was an anti-climax whilst others thought it was a good moral lesson concerned with proper virtuous action! Children in Okinawa were taught this lesson in their schools with this episode becoming widely known! The reaction and demeanour of Higaonna Kanryo was considered historically significant and a superb demonstration of ‘good’ behaviour versus ‘bad’ behaviour.  
​

There are many stories regarding Higaonna Kanryo but they differ in detail from those passed-on by Miyagi Chojun. There is a legend that Liu Long (Gong) made a living by weaving bamboo wares, but when Higaonna Kanyro was young, he did not understand this and only remembered the career that Liu Long (Gong) had taken-up later in his life. The ‘Yi Mou’ (一缪) biography suggests that the teacher of Higaonna Kanryo was the ‘Whooping Crane Fist’ (鸣鹤拳 - Ming He Quan) named ‘Xie Chongxiang’ (谢崇祥) who was also known as ‘Xie Ruru’ (谢如如). This is a story past down by the descendants of Master Xie Ruru – with some Goju Ryu practitioners believing this is the case. The problem is that according to a number of stories the age difference between Liu Long (Gong) and Higaonna Kanryo is at least 20 years. Whereas the difference between Xie Ruru and Higaonna Kanryo is only 1 year. Liu Long (Gong) died at least 15 years before Xie Chongxiang (who died in 1930). When Miyagi Chojun went to China to pay homage to Liu Long (Gong) in 1915 – Liu Long (Gong) was already dead (the exact date is unknown) – whereas Xie Chongxiang was still alive at this point. This has led to a number of disrespectful stories developing regarding Goju Ryu practitioners not knowing who their Chinese ancestral Master was and where the respect should be directed, etc! As there is a doubt about which name should be engraved upon the ancestral gravestone – there is a joke about Goju Ryu practitioners ‘waiting’ for a tomb stone to appear! These disrespectful attitudes often emerge from people who are jealous of the excellent standard of martial art technique found within the Katas of the Goju Ryu system! 
​

Having said all this, it is also important to state that Higaonna Kanryo was born and brought up on a boat and did not receive any formal education. In addition, he went to Fuzhou, China to learn martial arts for 14 years (and 5 months) - and worked and practiced every day. As this was the case, it was impossible for him to receive any formal cultural education. As a consequence, Higaonna Kanryo had a very limited ability to read and write. This meant that he could not record his experience in writing whilst living and training in China! Miyagi Chojun was Higaonna Kanryo’s only ‘inner disciple’ (内弟子- Nei Di Zi) and when his name was transmitted to Miyagi Chojun – it was only in the local colloquial dialect – and even then, only phonetical! All the other ordinary students training under Higaonna Kanryo did not even receive that information! Originally, when Miyagi Changshun went to Fuzhou to pay homage to Liu Long (Gong), he had Liu's name. He discovered his date of birth - and the date of his death - which were all recorded on his tombstone. It is a pity that all the information was destroyed in the Battle of Okinawa. Mr Shang Anyi (上安一) states that if a lineage is not clear – then it should not be taught as fact. (This is a common attitude found within tradition Chinese martial arts). A problem has been caused by the very success of Higaonna Kanryo’s travelling to China and learning a system of traditional Chinese martial arts! Not only did he transmit this to Okinawa in a clear and concise manner, it has been successfully passed on in a technically pristine state! Goju Ryu has blind spots and vague details in its history - yes – but it has spread far and wide and has influenced the development of many other martial arts styles, schools and systems! There is a central truth to its transmission – just as there is a body of accrued material that is difficult to prove or disprove! It is an ongoing project as many people in China and Okinawa strive to clarify this matter! It is beyond question that through Higaonna Kanryo’s efforts – a hundred flowers of cultural influence have blossomed! Surely, Higaonna Kanryo would have found this truly unexpected!  ​

Source: 

Miyagi Chojun (宫城长顺 - Gong Cheng Zhang Shun) Transmitted to Miyagi Anichi (宫城安一 - Gong Cheng An Yi) 
​

Miyagi Anichi (宫城安一 - Gong Cheng An Yi) Related to Lin Shifan (林师范) 
The History of Goru Ryu Karate-Do - By Higaonna Morio (东恩纳 盛男 - Dong En Na Sheng Nan) 
Original Chinese Language Article: 

https://tieba.baidu.com/p/1307549295 

东恩纳宽量的简史 
2011-12-03 12:10 
有关东恩纳宽量的事迹其实记载的不多,加上宫城安一先生要求保密,所以外面的人们所知甚少,我们希望在东恩纳宽量纪念馆落成之际把部分资料解密,让大家了解多些这位对刚柔流空手道的成立起了重大作用的中国华侨,作为中国人我们亦应感到自豪。没有他,这世上可能没有刚柔流空手道。 
 
慎氏家族改姓为东恩纳的原因 
东恩纳宽量是移居琉球的中国人慎氏家族的后裔,传到他已经是第 10 代了,其父名东恩纳宽用。 

为什么他们会由姓慎改为姓东恩纳呢?传说当年日本占领琉球后,迫使所有定居在冲绳的中国人归化琉球及不准使用中国姓氏,于是慎氏家族改姓为东恩纳,但其每一个后代子孙都必拥有中国名字,以示不忘中国之本。故此东恩纳宽量亦不例外,他的唐名(中国名)叫慎善熙。 
 
东恩纳宽量到中国学武的真正原因 

慎氏家族是从事海运事业的,拥有船队运输各种物资往来冲绳岛各个岛屿。当宽量13/4 岁时,一天,他父亲宽用在酒馆内与人争执被人用刀杀死。宽用死后,家族生意被其他亲属接管了,当时宽量还是一个大孩子,整天在想着为父报仇,听说中国武术可以轻易的把敌人杀死,便天真地想到去中国学武,希望学成回来便可为父报仇 … 但当年要去中国(福州)并不容易也不简单,除了手续繁复外,还要看天气、风向等各种因素稳定后船只才可以开航的,原因当年并没有机动船,那些去中国福州的都是木制的帆船,如果遇到大风浪可以说是九死一生十分危险的,宽量搞了一年多才能以到中国求学为理由,拿到去中国的渡牒批文等有关的官方文件,达成去中国(福州)的梦想。 

去到福州后,便在琉球馆(琉球政府办的旅馆)安顿下来然后便四处打听寻师学艺,然当时学武也有一点隐闭,对一个 15/6 岁的外地人来说实非易的,结果他找了近一年还找不到,琉球馆的负责人知道他的苦心,介绍他给当地一位 40 来岁,武功高强的老师刘龙(公)(译名)注 1。这位刘龙(公)在坊间是十分有名,虽然武艺高强,但并非以授武维生的,授武好像是他的业余爱好而且教学也相当严格。他是经营运输建筑材料生意的。宽量入门后,便安排他白天在做搬砖运瓦的工作以维持生计,晚上才练武。 
 
当年运输砖瓦的工具是用一些较大的木船,搬砖运瓦上船可不是一件轻松的工作,每天 8-10 个小时,每次挑一两百斤的砖瓦,整天不停的在吊板上搬上搬下就算成年人也会感到吃力,何况一个仅十五六岁的大孩子?其辛苦之处可想而知。但这样的肉体磨练却为宽量的练武奠下良好的基础。 

因为作业环境在河边,刘龙(公)的住家和工场都建在河边上,一栋两层高,用竹建成的房子,刘龙(公)跟家人住在上层,宽量就住在下一层;下层离开水面约 2-3 米高,用竹枝拼成的地板是会有很多缝隙的,每到深夜,冷风由竹地板下吹上来,宽量被冻到不能安睡,终于他找到一个驭寒的方法,便是起来练‘三战',一直练到天亮。 这可能是他的‘三战'注 2 那么出众的背后原因? 

注 1 
推测 刘龙 是他的正名,‘公'则可能是一个尊敬语。由一句流传到冲绳描述他的脚法快的福州语:“ka gin ka ryu ryu”(脚真快刘龙)中可以推测到他的名字是刘龙。并不是刘龙公,更不是什么‘如如哥'。 
 
注 2 
这事发生在宽量回去冲绳后的--- 一位姓湖城的武术家向人扬言自己的‘三战'比宽量的高明,结果引来争论,其他练武的人们亦感兴趣,故找来冲绳县立病院的医生来帮助考察,希望从医科学角度判断那一位的‘三战'比较强。 
 
于是湖城及宽量一齐在医生们面前演示他们的‘三战',在众医生的检验下,发觉宽量除了在运气时的肌力,技术及呼吸法都胜湖城几倍外,更令医生们吃惊的,宽量每在运气时,竟可把睾丸同步吸入小腹内(古代武术家因怕跟人交手时被踢中裆部,故会去练这种吊裆藏阳功夫),结果当然是判宽量的‘三战'技高一筹。见宽量的武功如此高深,冲绳人都引以为荣,把他所教的武功尊称为那霸手(= 现代的刚柔流),视之为代表那霸(城市名字)的武术。 
15 年后,宽量已由一个大孩子变成一个武功高强的成年人,因时局日催紧张,列强开始入侵中国,刘龙恐会有战乱,着宽量离开福州返去冲绳,并谓自己毕生所学的全部已授予宽量,亦希望宽量把他所教与的武功流传下去,宽量本不愿离开福州,但因为刘龙的坚持,唯有告别恩师返回冲绳。 

返回冲绳后宽量并不是第一时间去授武,而是做回父亲的老本行经营水上货运(后因船只遇到台风沉没,生意亦告结束)。 

知情人都知道宽量到中国学武是为了报杀父之仇,当他回冲绳后,大家都抱着将有好戏看的心态来看待,但一直等了多个月,还未见宽量有任何行动,当年杀死他父亲的人更寝食不安,不知何日宽量会找上门来,终于,他受不住这种压力,自动登门去到宽量家里,在门外跪下向宽量解释当年因大家喝了酒而争吵,是你父亲拔刀刺我,混乱中反被我刺死的,官府亦判我为自卫杀人,而且刀是你父亲带来的··,宽量很平静的看住此人并说:“好,我相信你,此事算了罢!”,在旁边堆满了准备看好戏的人群一方面觉得没趣,另一方面都赞赏宽量的明白事理,后来还把今次的事件用来教育子女,要学宽量般明事理,懂分黑白. 
 
坊间对宽量的事迹有多种传说,但与宫城长顺传下的有分别,举一个例,有传说刘龙(公)是从事编织竹器为生的,而不知道那是他因年纪已老才改行的后期事业。 

另一缪传是说宽量的师父就是鸣鹤拳的谢如如 谢崇祥)相信是他的后人自编自说的故事,有关的传说资料都显示出刘龙跟宽量的年龄相差最少有二十多年,而不是他们传说的宽量的师父就是谢崇祥,因两人的年岁只相差 1 岁,而且刘龙去世的年期比谢崇祥最少早 15 年,因宫城长顺去拜祭刘龙(公)时是 1915 年(刘是 1915 年之前已去世的,正确日子不详),而谢崇祥还未死,他是 1930 年才去世的。 
 
这个资料不但给那些想利用宽量事迹的灰色地带来吹捧自家武术的打了一记闷棍,还大大的讽刺了那急不及待的“立碑”笑话。真的是一起‘伪造师承,强迫入门兼立错碑'的武林大笑话。 
​

话说回头,宽量因自小在船上生话,并没有受过什么文化教育,加上后来去了中国福州学武整整 14/5 年,每天干活练武,更没可能去接受文化教育,所以他的文化水平很低,正因如此,他无法把在福州的经历用笔写下, 以至后来连师父的名字都是用口语(拼音)来传述给宫城长顺(他唯一的内弟子),其它普通的弟子根本无从知悉。 
 
本来宫城长顺去福州拜祭刘龙(公)时是有把刘的姓名,出生日期及忌辰等从墓碑上记录下来的,可惜所有的资料都在冲绳战役中被毁灭了,加上安一先生说如非认可传人是不应把流派的历史传授(这是传统武术的一惯做法),但却做成今天刚柔流空手道的历史存有灰色地带及很多由其他人创作的穿凿附会小道传说,刚柔流发展到今天,因盛名所致,做成百花齐放,真伪莫辨、版本众多,实始料不及。 
 
资料来源: 
宫城长顺传述给宫城安一,宫城安一师范再传述林师范 。 
刚柔流空手道史 - 东恩纳 盛男著 ​
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Fuzhou Wushu Association: The Crane Nest Temple (鹤巢寺-He Chao Si) is the Origin of the Goju Ryu Karate-Do Style!

8/2/2022

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The Article is from the Fuzhou Wushu Association which Carries Out Ongoing Research into the Chinese Origins of Okinawan Goju Ryu Karate-Do! This Article is Hosted on the Above Website in Zhejiang (China) Which was Established in 2008 as an Education Facility Introducing Okinawan Goju Ryu Karate-Do to the General Population! The Above Chinese Language Script Reads '冲绳刚柔流空手道华道馆' or 'Okinawan Goju Ryu Karate-Do - Culture Way Hall'
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The Two Chinese Ideograms '鹤拳' (He Quan) Read 'Crane Fist'!
Translator’s Note: The Fuzhou Wushu Association published the original Chinese language version of this article on March 2nd, 2009 (on a Chinese language website based in Zhejiang dedicated to the history, theory and practice of Okinawan Goju Ryu). The author - Lin Weigong (林伟功) - is a government official in China who specialises in the history of Fuzhou and is an expert in the Fuzhou dialect and martial arts literature compiled in the area. He is also a practitioner of ‘Whooping Crane Fist’ (鸣鹤拳 - Ming He Quan) and has trained in the direct martial arts (family) lineage of Pan Yu Ba (Lin Dachong - 林达崇) under his brother-in-law ‘Lin Gentu’ (林根土) - who is a direct family descendant of Pan Yu Ba! I suspect that Lin Weigong is of the same general name clan of ‘Lin’ (林) as his brother-in-law – but not a ‘direct’ lineage descendant of Pan Yu Ba. When the author refers to - Xie Ruru (谢如如) - he means Xie Chongxiang (謝崇祥) [1852-1930) who was a very famous martial artist from Changle County (situated within the Fuzhou area of China). He trained under Master Pan Yu Ba (潘嶼八) who transmitted the ‘Arahant Fist’ (罗汉拳 - Luo Han Quan) system to him - with some sources also suggesting he was also taught the ‘Southern Shaolin White Crane Fist’ (少林白鶴拳 - Shao Lin Bai He Quan). Xie Chongxiang later developed the ‘Whooping Crane Fist’ (鸣鹤拳 - Ming He Quan) system. Research suggests that ‘Xie Ruru’ was the teacher of Higaonna Kanryo (1853–1915) - even though he was only one year older than his student. Lin Weigong has written elsewhere that the title of ‘Ru Ru Ko’ or ‘Ryu Ryu Ko’ known in Okinawa actually refers to an esteemed ‘Elder Brother’ and makes sense if the age difference was so small. This would imply that the tradition held in Okinawa that ‘Ru Ru Ko’ was 25 years older than Higaonna Kanryo might be a misunderstanding. Mr Tony Smith 5th Dan - has been kind enough to contact me and suggest a clarification to this text. The original Chinese language text reads that Higaonna Kanryo was the founder of Goju Ryu Karate-Do - when in fact it was his student Miyagi Chojun (1888-1953) who later described this Chinese martial arts style he had learned as being 'Goju' or 'Hard-Soft' in principle.  The original Chinese language text is correct in that Higaonna Kanryo is the Okinawan 'Patriarch' of the martial arts style he learned in China. On the other hand, Miyagi Chojun did not invent the movements he named 'Goju' - and he is not the Okinawan 'Patriarch'  of the martial arts lineage that he moulded into the Goju Ryu style. The Chinese language text states that Higaonna Kanryo is the 'Patriarch' and Miyagi Chojun is the 'Successor' - like a 'father' is to a 'son'.  However, it is also a historical fact that Higaonna Kanryo did not refer to the Chinese martial arts style he brought back from Fujian province - and taught to his student Miyagi Chojun - as 'Goju' (Hard-Soft). Of course, it is a mystery as to 'why' it is that Miyagi Chojun was never told the formal Chinese language name for the Fujian martial arts style he had studied for many years! As far as I am aware, Higaonna Kanryo trained over a 14 year period between 1867-1881 in Fujian province. The Chinese language text states that Higaonna Kanryo trained in Fujian during the reign of the Guangxu emperor who ruled between 1875-1908. According to other Chinese language historical texts, Higaonna Kanryo trained for 8 years prior to this era and for only 6 years during it! In fact he trained for 8 years during the 'Tongzhi' (同治) imperial period (learning between 1867-1875) and 6 years during the Guangxu (光緒) era (learning between 1875-1881). Matters are complicated by the fact he left and returned to China a number of times during this time period. Interestingly, as he was born in 1853 - this means he was only 14 years old when he first arrived in China during 1867 - and 28 years old when he finished his training in China during 1881 and returned to Okinawa! Mr Tony Smith 5th Dan has stated that in the research carried-out by Higaonna Morio 10th Dan - Higaonna Kanryo travelled to China around 1868-1869 when he was 16 years old and stayed there for 14 years - leaving China around 1882-1883. According to this data Higaonna Kanryo was 30 years old when he finally returned to Okinawa. Of course, I acknowledge that there are a number of different views on this matter, and by providing accurate Chinese to English translations of vitally important historical texts, I am providing the fuel for further and progressive debate! As for myself, I acquired my Goju Ryu 8th Kyu (White Belt with two black tags) in 1988! My love and respect for Goju Ryu has never diminished! ACW (2.8.2022) 
According to the research carried out by Mr. Lin Weigong (林伟功) - an expert in historical records pertaining to the Fuzhou area (and confirmed by other knowledgeable authorities) - Higaonna Kanryo (东恩纳宽量), [the teacher of Miyagi Chojun - who later described the Chinese martial arts style he learned from Higaonna Kanryo as being 'Goju' [Hard-Soft]), travelled to Fuzhou (situated in Fujian province in Southeast China) to train under the guidance of Master Xie Ruru (谢如如) during the Guangxu (光绪) period of the Qing Dynasty (reigned 1875-1908) – and studied the martial art of ‘Whooping Crane Fist’ (谢如如 - Ming He Quan). He trained in this martial art for three years before returning Okinawa – and then returned to Fuzhou for further instruction. Higaonna Kanryo further developed and innovated this ‘Whooping Crane Fist’ - and thereby created a very popular and robust style of Karate-Do known as ‘Goju Ryu’ (Hard-Soft School). In recent years, various Japanese martial arts circles have organized group visits to Fuzhou many times – an interaction which has effectively promoted positive economic and cultural exchanges between China and Japan. ​
According to relevant data and folk surveys, this relationship can be traced back to even earlier times. Master Xie Ruru is said to be the founder of ‘Whooping Crane Fist’. However, he trained under Master Pan Yu Ba (盘屿八) whose real name was ‘Lin Dachong’ (林达崇). The historical records state that Master Xie Ruru trained in the ‘Arahant Fist’ (罗汉拳 - Luo Han Quan) whilst training with Pan Yu Ba – and the implication is that the ‘Whooping Crane Fist’ evolved out of this style. After Master Xie Ruru observed the behaviour of a White Crane (defending itself) - he developed the theory and practice of the ‘Whooping Crane Fist’! Indeed, the ‘Crane Fist’ (鹤拳 - He Quan) genre of ‘Southern Fist’ (鹤拳 - Nan Quan) is just one of the hundred flowers of martial brilliance that has blossomed from within the Fuzhou area! The principle of White Crane Fist has spread far and wide and has been developed and evolved into many and interesting ‘Lineages of Crane’ (宗鹤 - Zong He). There are four main types such as ‘Perching Crane’ (宿鹤 - Su He), ‘Whooping Crane’ (鸣鹤 - Ming He), ‘Flying Crane’ (飞鹤 - Fei He) and ‘Eating Crane’ (食鹤 - Shi He). This style can also be known as ‘Morning Crane’ (朝鹤 - Chao He) and ‘Paralysing Crane’ (痹鹤 - Bi He).  ​
The birth name of Pan Yu Ba (盘屿八) was ‘Lin Dachong’ (林达崇) and he was originally from Pan Yu Township situated in the Cangshan District of the Fuzhou City region. (This area is now known as the ‘Red Star Farm’ - 红星农场). As he ranks eighth among his uncles and brothers of the same generation – he became known as ‘Pan Yu Ba’ - or ‘Pan Yu Eight’ - when his abilities became known far and wide! When he was young, Pan Yu Ba trained at the ‘Crane Nest Temple’ (鹤巢寺 - He Chao Si), situated in the Cangshan (仓山) area of Mount ‘Gaogai’ (高盖) under the ‘Head Monk’ (住持 - Zhu Chi) of that temple known as Venerable Qingding (清定). Master Qingding was an expert in ‘Shaolin Arahant Fist’ (少林罗汉拳 - Shao Lin Luo Han Quan) and taught this to Pan Yu Ba. Master Qingding was originally from Quanzhou and his fighting capabilities were considered extraordinary. As well as administrating a Ch’an temple which trained Buddhist monastics – he was also renowned as being an expert in medicine, specialising in the treatment of trauma wounds. Master Qingding established a free medical clinic on the main road to the coast between Fuzhou and Bailu (白鹭) Ridge. Local people would come to receive a diagnosis and treatment from Master Qingding. Master Qingding and Pan Yu Ba lived a thirty-minute walk apart from one another and were always in close contact with one another.  ​
Master Pan Yu Ba possessed legendary physical and mental strength! He also became a great teacher in his own right! Oneday, when his brother was building a house there was a very large foundation stone which weighed around 900 pounds and took numerous people to lift (with difficulty). Pan Yu Ba lifted this stone on his own – and was able to strike the stone and break it in half! He was addicted to alcohol and could drink a jar of rice wine without getting drunk. When it snowed and was freezing cold – he wore only a thin jacket and was not afraid of the cold. There are not many known cases of Lin Dachong competing with others, but there is only one anecdote widely known amongst the people. One day he went to Fenggangli (凤岗里) situated on Shandong Ridge (山东岭 - Shandong Ling) as a guest. He interceded between a dispute that happened between his relatives and the local people of ‘Toupu’ (透浦) Village! Master Pan Yu Ba was hunted down and surrounded by about a hundred villagers all attempting to give him a good beating! He knocked down many attacking people with his bare hands and then grabbed hold of two the attackers and used them as shields and attacking objects! This action prevented himself from being killed and the only injury he suffered was a stick blow across his back! The two people he was holding were beaten to death by the ferocity of the attack against him! So many villagers were wounded that they were sent to the clinic at Bailu Ridge to be treated by Master Qingding! As soon as Master Qingding saw the nature of the wounds – he knew exactly that it was his disciple – Pan Yu Ba – who had caused them! When Master Qingding returned to the Temple – he went to the home of Lin Dachong (Pan Yu Ba) to tell his family what had happened! He then sent out an order that Pan Yu Ba return to the mountain to explain what had happened!  ​
After Lin Dachong's death, his descendants continued to live on for another five or six generations - until the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression when his direct relatives died out - and today only a number of his nephews remain. Unfortunately, his boxing manual (拳谱 - Quan Pu) was lost during the Cultural Revolution. His tomb was originally located in Longfu (龙阜) at the Southern foot of Gaogai Mountain. Due to the construction of an airport, the tomb was later moved to the top of the hill near the Crane Nest Temple – where the cemetery and tombstones still exist. The Crane Nest Temple of Gaogai Mountain was located in the valley on the Southern slope of the western section of Gaogai Mountain. It was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution. In 1985, the local villagers raised funds to rebuild the temple, and now the project has begun to see fruit. The 76-year-old Lin Miaoxiu (林妙修) has presided over this temple reconstruction. In the countryside surrounding the temple there has been a natural habitat for White Crane breeding for hundreds of years and the area is full of breeding pairs! This is where the name of the temple originates, and this explains why the main symbol of the temple is a crane-shaped stone.  ​
There are a number of questions which need to be considered: Before he founded ‘Whooping Crane Fist’ (鸣鹤拳 - Ming He Quan) - did Xie Ruru (谢如如) visit ‘Crane Nest Temple’ (鹤巢寺 - He Chao Si) and meet the Ancestral Master (Qingding)? Did he receive instruction and gain inspiration from such an interaction? Did Master Qingding definitely originate from the Quanzhou area? Did Master Qingding have any direct contact with the Southern Shaolin Temple that once existed in Quanzhou – but which was destroyed by Qing Dynasty troops? These are all important questions worthy of serious consideration. If these issues can be clarified, then our all-round understanding of the martial history of Fuzhou will be enhanced. This would be an excellent development for Fuzhou culture and assist Sino-foreign relations immeasurably. For instance, in the past representatives of Okinawan Goju Ryu Karate-Do have organised groups visits to the area of the Crane Nest Temple to pay their respects to their martial ancestors!  ​
According to historical investigation, the Southern Shaolin Temple in Quanzhou was destroyed by government troops during the early Qing Dynasty, and the monks were displaced. This meant that the Southern Shaolin monks known as ‘Iron Staff’ (铁杖 - Tie Zhang), ‘Iron Shoes’ (铁鞋 - Tie Xie), Iron Handle (铁柄 - Tie Bing) and ‘Iron Beads’ (铁珠 - Tie Zhu) all had to flee in different directions for their own safety! The monk known as ‘Iron Beads’ (铁珠 - Tie Zhu) fled North to Fuzhou (still in Fujian province) and took with him the ‘Dragon Staff’ (龙桩 - Long Zhang) which comprised part of the skill of the ‘Dragon Fist’ (龙拳 - Long Quan) martial system. This monk, however, is known to have specialised in the practice of ‘Arahant Fist’ (罗汉拳 - Luo Han Quan) and this is how this secretive style of martial arts spread from the confines of the Southern Shaolin Temple in Quanzhou, to being readily available to people living in Fuzhou! (Translator: Fuzhou is located around 133 miles northeast of Quanzhou – travelling up the East Coast of Fujian province – an area immediately adjacent to the Northern tip of the Chinese island of Taiwan. This is a journey that could have been easily completed by boat). This is how the ‘Dragon Fist’ and ‘Arahant Fist’ style of Southern Shaolin martial arts spread to the Fuzhou area. Meanwhile, the Venerable Monk ‘Iron Beads’ (铁珠 - Tie Zhu) took refuge in the ‘Crane Nest Temple’ (鹤巢寺 - He Chao Si) which is situated in the Gaogai Mountains area of the Cangshan District of Fuzhou City! Later, Master ‘Iron Beads’ (铁珠 - Tie Zhu) became responsible for teaching the resident monks the ’Arahant Fist’ (罗汉拳 - Luo Han Quan) style of martial arts. One of these monks was the ‘Venerable Qingding’ (清定) who learned the ’Arahant Fist’ (罗汉拳 - Luo Han Quan) thoroughly before becoming an official lineage descendent of Master ‘Iron Beads’ (铁珠 - Tie Zhu)! Following these events, Master Qingding met the talented lay person ‘Lin Dachong’ (林达崇), accepted him as a disciple and transmitted to him the entire style of the ’Arahant Fist’ (罗汉拳 - Luo Han Quan)!  ​
My brother-in-law is ‘Lin Gentu’ (林根土) - who is from the Pan Yu Township. He is a direct descendent of ‘Lin Dachong’ (林达崇) and has passed on the ‘Fist Law’ (拳法 - Quan Fa) to me. The ‘Lin’ (林) family of Pan Yu Township state that ‘Xie Ruru’ (谢如如) learned ’Arahant Fist’ (罗汉拳 - Luo Han Quan) directly from ‘Lin Dachong’ (林达崇). Later, ‘Xie Ruru’ (谢如如) watched a ‘White Crane’ (白鹤 - Bai He) land near him. The awe-inspiring deportment of this bird influenced his creation of the martial arts style known as ‘Whooping Crane Fist’ (鸣鹤拳 - Ming He Quan). The manner in which the bird stood, moved about, arranged its feathers and positioned its beak, wings and feet – all influenced ‘Xie Ruru’ (谢如如) in his planning and structuring. Of particular interest was the general ‘Form’ (形 - Xing) or ‘Shape’ of the bird which involved a particular psychological attitude combined with a precise physical presence! Although seemingly vulnerable – the bird was actually very strong! The ‘White Crane’ manifested a perfect blend of ‘strength’ and ‘weakness’ - of ‘assertion’ and ‘giving-way’! The ‘White Crane’ uses its wings to good effect as they ‘tremble’ (抖 - Dou) before exploding with tremendous speed and power! To warn other birds of a potential danger in the immediate environment – the ‘White Crane’ issues forth a piercing ‘cry’ as the wings ‘tremble’ in preparation to deliver debilitating strikes (which include the use of the beak and the feet). The ‘White Crane’ appears ‘weak’ but is ‘strong’! Appears to be stuck in one place – but can easily move into all available spaces! The ‘White Crane’ easily ‘evades’ and yet steadfastly ‘holds’ its ground! Appears to ‘stumble’ but never loses its ‘balance’! The ‘White Crane’ is at its most dangerous when it seems to be at its most weakest – this is precisely when the ‘piercing cry’ is issued, and the opponent is in the most danger! This is why this style is called ‘Whooping Crane’ (鸣鹤 - Ming He)!  ​
Inspired by the ‘rigidity’ (刚 - Gang) and ‘flexibility’ (柔 - Rou) of the ‘White Crane’ as preserved within the ‘Whooping Crane Fist’ (鸣鹤拳 - Ming He Quan) - Higaonna Kanryo founded the ‘Goju Ryu’ (刚柔流 - Gang Rou Liu) system of Okinawan Karate-Do. This style of Karate-Do spread throughout Okinawa and across the world! The ‘Fighting Manual’ (拳论 - Quan Lun) associated with the ‘Whooping Crane Fist’ (鸣鹤拳 - Ming He Quan) style states: ​
‘The constant interplay of ‘hardness’ and ‘softness’ concentrates and stills the mind whilst strengthening the spirit.’ 

“刚柔相济定心神” 

A genuine martial artist cannot be only ‘strong’ or only ‘flexible - but must develop a fighting technique which envelopes both these expressions of reality. Being limited to one or other extreme will not develop martial invincibility. Indeed, a well-rounded warrior must be both firm and flexible simultaneously and consecutively! Must develop a mind-set that resides at the ‘still’ (and ‘empty’) centre of ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ - whilst being able to traverse the physical structures of the body through martial techniques that are at one moment ‘hard’ whilst at another ‘soft’.  

The ‘Fighting Manual’ (拳论 - Quan Lun) associated with the ‘Whooping Crane Fist’ (鸣鹤拳 - Ming He Quan) style states: 

‘This Crane System depends entirely upon the mastery of ‘shaking’ (摇 - Yao) the hands!’ 

​“鹤法全靠摇宗手” ​
This is an important and central concept within ‘Whooping Crane Fist’ (鸣鹤拳 - Ming He Quan) as ‘shaking’ the hands is the technique (that when applied throughout the body) serves as the method through which ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ techniques are manifest and transitioned from one type to the opposite (i.e., from ‘hard’ to ‘soft’ and vice versa). The mind must be ‘still’ and ‘all-embracing’ for this method to manifest throughout the entire physical body as it traverses the environment. The ‘shaking’ (摇 - Yao) technique itself is essentially ‘soft’ (柔 - Rou) but as it permeates the mind and body - a very powerful and yet flexible (explosive) force is generated! This is the foundational teaching (宗 - Zong) that is passed on within this style! If mastered correctly, then ‘hardness’ and ‘softness’ are perfectly entwined in a continuous interplay that reacts exactly to all external circumstances and situations! The manual explains that a practitioner whose mind is chaotic and whose body is continuously overly ‘tense’ exhibit what is termed the ‘stiff hand’ (硬手 - Ying Shou) - whilst a mind that is chaotic and a body that is overly ‘weak’ is termed the ‘weak hand’ (软手 - Ruan Shou). In terms of offense and defence, being too rigid is easy to be overcome by softness, and too soft is easy to be dominated by rigidity. Between rigidity and softness, it is required to be rigid but not stiff, soft but not weak – this is how ‘vigour’ (劲 - Jin) and ‘power’ (力 - Li) are thoroughly developed.  ​
The momentary ‘softness’ is not ‘loose’, not ‘weak’, not ‘stagnant’ but rather ‘vigorous’ and ‘buoyant’ (as ‘hardness’ momentary manifests)! Change is the essence as the ten thousand situations come and go! This is how the central ‘shaking’ (摇 - Yao) technique that defines the ‘Whooping Crane Fist’ (鸣鹤拳 - Ming He Quan) should be interpreted and manifested! If this technique can be mastered, then with the slightest of touches a practitioner can respond like an arrow firing from a bow! When being attacked there is a dangerous assertion in the immediate environment! The opponent ‘congeals’ all their power in one area and the ‘Whooping Crane Fist’ (鸣鹤拳 - Ming He Quan) practitioner perceives this situation precisely. The danger of the attack is expertly avoided through evasion (the use of ‘softness’) whilst sharp and coordinated attacks (the use of ‘hardness’) are rained down upon the attacker in the direction of their undefended flanks. The counterstrikes hit home exactly with no hesitation. If the opponent changes position or attacking method – the ‘Whooping Crane Fist’ (鸣鹤拳 - Ming He Quan) moulds their reactions perfectly so the pressure is relentless and never relaxed until the threat has been neutralised. The enemy is peppered with strikes wherever their defensive gaps happen to be! The opponent is overpowered with precision! By observing the interplay of nature (the interaction of ‘hard’ and ‘soft’) the mind becomes ‘still’, ‘reflective’ and ‘expansive’. An aggressive opponent is merely an extension of the natural environment. Observing the natural processes of the environment is the same as observing the natural processes manifesting within an aggressive opponent. Correctly observe the former and the latter will be properly understood. The environment presses forward – the ‘Whooping Crane Fist’ (鸣鹤拳 - Ming He Quan) practitioner gives way – the environment gives way – and the ‘Whooping Crane Fist’ (鸣鹤拳 - Ming He Quan) practitioner presses forward! There is a continuous and flowing unity with no disconnect or over exaggeration. ​
Within Okinawa and Japan, the ‘Goju Ryu’ (刚柔流 - Gang Rou Liu) or ‘Hard-Soft’ style of Karate-Do is well-known as being theoretically and practically premised upon the ‘Whooping Crane Fist’ (鸣鹤拳 - Ming He Quan) style! Specifically, the principle that links Goju Ryu Karate-Do to this ‘Whooping Crane Fist - (鸣鹤拳 - Ming He Quan)’ is the theory of ‘刚柔相济’ (Gang Rou Xiang Ji) or the ‘continuous interchange of ‘hard’ and ‘soft’). Indeed, it is obvious that the Goju Ryu style contains Chinese martial arts techniques that are premised upon ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ techniques that unfold in a continuous an orderly manner! Furthermore, it is clear that the ‘Katas’ and ‘Basic’ techniques contained within Goju Ryu are clearly derived from the ‘Whooping Crane Fist - (鸣鹤拳 - Ming He Quan)’ martial system. Given that the Whooping Crane Fist - (鸣鹤拳 - Ming He Quan)’ originates within the ‘Crane Nest Temple’ (鹤巢寺 - He Chao Si) which is situated in the Gaogai Mountain area of the Cangshan District, located to the South of Fuzhou City, Fujian Province. ​
Chinese Language Article: 

https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20131009234332/http://gojuryukarate.cn/showart.asp?art_id=27&_x_tr_sl=zh-TW&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc 

空手道刚柔流源于鹤巢寺 

据福州史志专家林伟功先生考证并经权威部门确认,“刚柔流”的创立者东恩纳宽量在清朝光绪年间,曾到福州拜鸣鹤拳宗师谢如如为师,学艺三年,返日后将鸣鹤拳的拳法加以创新发展,创立了空手道最大流派“刚柔流”。日本武术界近年来曾多次组团来榕寻根认祖,有力地促进了中日之间经济和文化的交流。 

据有关资料和民间调查表明,这种渊源关系还可追溯到更早。福州鸣鹤拳的创立者谢如如曾师从罗汉拳名师“盘屿八”——林达崇,后来他又观察鹤的活动姿势,从中得到启发而创立鸣鹤拳。鹤拳是南拳百花中的一枝。它经过历代武术前辈的实践和总结,又有所创新和发展,流传至今已演变为“宗鹤”(即宿鹤)、“鸣鹤”、“飞鹤”、“食鹤”(即朝鹤、又名痹鹤)四大鹤拳。据调查,“盘屿八”原名林达崇,福州市郊仓山区盘屿乡人(今红星农场),因在同辈叔伯兄弟里排行第八,声名远播后被外乡人称为“盘屿八”。他年轻时拜仓山区高盖山鹤巢寺住持清定和尚为师,学少林罗汉拳。清定和尚据说是泉州人氏,拳术高超,兼擅骨伤医术,在山寺住持之余,常在福州至湾边要道上的白鹭岭挂单行医。师徒住处相距步行不到30分钟的路程,相互交往十分亲密。林达崇深得乃师真传,武艺高强,膂力惊人。相传其兄建房时,一块要多人才抬得动的六七百斤重的长廊石,他夹在腋下奔走如飞。迄今仍留存着当年因他太高放下而断为两半的一块长廊石。他嗜酒海量,能喝一坛米酒而不醉。冬日里下着雪,他只穿一件薄衣,也不畏冷。 

关于林达崇与 别人较量的事例尚不多见,民间只盛传他的一件轶事:某日他到凤岗里山东岭作客,因亲戚与透浦村民的小纠纷而直言,遭透浦大批人马的持械围殴。他赤手空拳打倒多人,最后见寡不敌众就从对方阵中抓过两人却挡在身前,结果他只背部受棍伤,而那两人却被己方的棍棒打得奄奄一息。透浦人把伤员送赴白鹭岭清定和尚诊 所,清定和尚一看便知是他的高徒所为。返寺时先到林达崇家通知其家人,要达崇连夜上山找他疗伤。达崇天黑到家闻讯,知道瞒不过师父,只好遵命连夜上山听从师父安排,由此可见其师徒关系密切和相知的程度。 

林达崇逝 世后,子裔尚绵延五六代人,到抗日战争时绝嗣,今仅余侄辈继嗣。其拳谱惜在文革中散佚。其墓原在高盖山南麓的龙阜,因建机场,后迁至鹤巢寺附近的山头,墓地和墓碑尚存。高盖山鹤巢寺位于高盖山西段南坡的山谷里,文革中被毁。1985年,乡人多方集资重建,现初见规模,由76岁林妙修老尼主持该寺。�ジ吒巧� 鹤巢寺先前寺周围白鹤甚多,故以“鹤巢”为名,寺里亦以鹤形石为主要象征。谢如如在创立鸣鹤拳之前,是否到过师祖的鹤巢寺,从中得到启发和教益?清定和尚 是否确为泉州人氏?与相传毁于清初的泉州南少林寺是否有什么渊源关系?这些问题值得我们深入研究。倘能探寻清楚,将对弘扬福州乡土文化起到促进作用,并对 中外经济文化交流产生积极的作用。  

空手道“刚柔流”曾组团来福州鹤巢寺认祖归宗。据查,泉州南少林寺在清初毁于官府围剿,寺内僧侣流离失所,少林四武僧铁杖、铁鞋、铁柄、铁珠亦在其中。四僧之一的铁珠身怀龙桩(龙拳)和罗汉拳逃到福建福州,故龙拳和罗汉拳也随之传到福州。铁珠和尚避难至福州市仓山区高盖山的鹤巢寺里,后将罗汉拳传给寺里的僧人,也传给了清定和尚,清定又传授给爱徒林达崇。我的姐夫林根土(盘屿乡人)是林达崇的后裔,他将该拳法传给了我。而谢如如曾向林达崇学罗汉拳,后受到白鹤衔理羽毛形态的启发而创鸣鹤拳。因白鹤善用翅抖弹,常发声,以声助力,故有“鸣鹤”之称。 

东恩纳宽量受了鸣鹤拳刚柔相济的启发,创立了日本空手道的最大流派“刚柔流”。鸣鹤拳拳论中云“刚柔相济定心神”。一种拳法只有刚劲是不行 的,只有柔劲也不行,必须刚柔俱备,刚柔相济。鸣鹤拳拳诀云:“鹤法全靠摇宗手”。鸣鹤拳中手法和身法的变化方式称为摇,摇为柔;内身发出一种极其刚强有 力弹劲谓之宗,宗为刚。刚柔相济是为正宗 在技击上过刚的手法称为硬手或坏手,过柔的手法称为软手。从攻防上来说,过刚易被柔克,过柔易被刚制。在刚柔之间要求做到刚而不僵,柔而不软,劲力透达。 
​

柔应不松、不软、活泼不滞、变化万千,即鸣鹤拳所要求的“摇”。能做到这一点,那么在技击时就能“触即变、发如箭”,当你一接触到攻击时,就 应善于观察其攻势,即时变化自己的手法击败对方,“吞吐浮沉君须记,刚柔相济定心神”,日本空手道的最大流派“刚柔流”即取鸣鹤拳的“刚柔相济”之拳诀而 享誉日本武术界。而“刚柔流”的不少招式、手法,还明显带有鸣鹤拳的痕迹,所以说日本空手道的“刚柔流”源出于福建省福州市南郊仓山区高盖山的鹤巢寺。 
 ​
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    Shifu Adrian Chan-Wyles (b. 1967) - Lineage (Generational) Inheritor of the Ch'an Dao Hakka Gongfu System.

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    Climate
    Climate Change
    Clog
    Closed
    Clothes
    Clothing
    Cloud
    Club
    Club Constellation
    Coach
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    Cold
    Cold War
    Collaborate
    Collect
    Collection
    Collective
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    Colour
    Coloured
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    Committee
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    Conditioning
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    Confucius
    Confusion
    Congealed
    Connective
    Conscious
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    Considered
    Constantine I
    Constriction
    Consultative
    Contact
    Contain
    Contemplation
    Context
    Continuous
    Contract
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    Controlling
    Convex
    Convey
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    Cornwall
    Correct
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    Count
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    Covid-19
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    Coxinga
    CPC
    Craft
    Crafts
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    Crane Hand
    Crane Immortal
    'Crane's Nest Temple' (鹤巢寺 - He Chao Si)
    Crane Technique – Fujian Whooping Crane Fist’ (鹤法——福建鸣鹤拳 He Crane – Fu Jian Ming He Quan
    Crane Technique – Fujian Whooping Crane Fist’ (鹤法——福建鸣鹤拳 - He Crane – Fu Jian Ming He Quan
    Crawl
    Crimes
    Criminal
    Criticism
    Crooked Whip
    Cross
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    Cross-country
    Crossing
    Cross-legged
    Cross-step
    Cross-training
    Crown Road
    Crying
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    Cultivation
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    Culture
    Cups
    Curved
    Cut
    Cut Gate
    Cuts
    CW Nicol
    Cycles
    Da Bu
    Da Dao
    Dagger
    Daggers
    DaiIchi
    DaiNi
    ‘Dai Nippon Butoku Kai’ (大日本武徳会)
    DaiSan
    Damage
    Dance
    Danger
    Dangerous
    Dan Tian
    Dantian
    Dao
    Daoism
    Daoist
    Dao Yin
    Daoyin
    Data
    Date
    David Lloyd - Cheam
    David Lloyd - Epsom
    Da Xiong Mao
    Da Zhuan
    D-Day
    Dead-limb
    Deadly
    Death
    Death-cut
    Death Touch
    Decades
    Deception
    Decipher
    Decisive
    Dedication
    Deep
    Deepening
    Deep-sea
    Deep Stances
    Deer
    Defeat
    Defence
    Defend
    Defense
    Deflect
    Defuse
    Delusion
    Demonstration
    Depth
    Destroy
    Destroyed
    Destruction
    Develop
    Development
    Dhamma
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    Dharmakaya
    Dhyana
    Dialect
    Dialectic
    Diamond Sutra
    Diane Wyles
    Dian Mai
    Dian Xue
    Dictionary
    Difficult
    Dignity
    Dim Mak
    Direct
    Directed Boundaried Energy Capacity Open-Palm
    Directed Boundaried Palm
    Direction
    Disability
    Disappeared
    Disarm
    Disarmed
    Disc
    Discerning
    Disciple
    Disciples
    Discipline
    Discontinuous
    Discover
    Disease
    Disinformation
    Dislocate
    Disorder
    Disrespect
    Dissecting
    Dissolve
    Distance
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    Distancing
    Distinguish
    Dit Da Jow
    Divert
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    Divination
    Divine
    Divine Sky
    Division
    DNA
    Do
    Document
    Dodge
    Dodging
    ‘Dogen’ [道元]
    Dog Fist
    Dogs
    Dojo
    Domestic
    Dominance
    Dominate
    Dongjiang Column
    Donn Draeger
    Door
    Doorway
    Dorset
    Double
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    Double-edge
    Double-handed
    Double-happiness
    Double Hip Twist
    Double Punch
    Douyin
    Dove
    Down
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    Dragon Boat
    Dragon Dance
    Dragon Fist
    Draw
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    Drawing The Bow
    Drop
    Dropped
    Dropping
    Druid
    DT Suzuki
    Duality
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    Duddington
    Dummy
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    Dutch
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    Ear
    Ears
    Earth
    Earthenware
    East
    Easy
    Eat
    Ebergy Flow
    Eddie Daniels
    Edge
    Educate
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    Effective
    Efficiency
    Efficient
    Effort
    Effortless
    Efort
    Ego
    Egypt
    Eight
    Eighteen
    Eighteen Arahant Fist
    Eight Gates
    Eight Trigrams
    Eikatsutatsu
    Elbow
    Elder
    Elderly
    Elephant & Castle
    Embrace
    Emei (峨眉)
    Emergency
    Emishi
    Emissary
    Emit
    Emperor
    Empire Of The Sun
    Empress Dowager Cixi
    Empty
    Empty Force
    Empty Hand
    Empty Step
    Encircle
    End
    Endurance
    Endure
    Enemy
    Energy
    English
    Enlightenment’ (悟 - Wu)
    Enter The Dragon
    Entwine
    Envelop
    Envelope
    Environment
    Environmentalist
    Envoy
    Equality
    Ernie Molyneux
    Errata
    Errors
    Essay
    Essence
    Essential Life Mind-body
    Essential Nature
    Esteemed
    Eternal Light
    Ethnic
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    Ethnic Thai
    Etymology
    Eurocentric
    Eurocentricism
    Europe
    European
    Evade
    Evasion
    Evening
    Events
    Evidence
    Evolution
    Evolve
    Exact
    Exchange
    Exclude
    Excluded
    Exclusive
    Excommunication
    Execution
    Executions
    Exercise
    Exit
    Exorcism
    Expand
    Expansion
    Expansive
    Expel
    Expelled
    Experience
    Expert
    Expert Self-defence
    Explain
    Explosives
    Expo
    Expression
    Expressive
    Expulsion
    Extension
    Externa
    External
    External Qigong
    Eye-strike
    Face
    Face-to-face
    Fact
    Fairfield Centre
    Fake
    Fall
    False
    Familiar
    Family
    Family Crest
    Fang Gang
    Fang Ligui (房利贵)
    Fang Qiniang’ (方七娘)
    ‘Fang Zhonggong’ (方种公)
    Fan Yinglian (范应莲)
    Farm
    Farming
    Farming Tools
    Fars
    Fast
    Father
    Father-to-son
    Fear
    Federation
    Feeding (食 - Shi)
    Feeling
    Fees
    Feet
    Feng Shui
    Ferocious
    Fertility
    Fiction
    Field
    Field Grand Blad
    Fight
    Fight I
    Fighting
    Figure
    Fiilm
    Filipino
    Film
    Films
    Finchley
    Finger
    Fire
    Fire Power
    Firm
    First
    First Opium War (1839)
    Fist
    Fist Classic Victory Assured Record
    ‘Fist Frame’ (拳架-Quan Jia
    Fists
    Fitness
    Five
    Five Ancestors
    Five Elements
    Five Feet
    Five Phases
    Five Steps
    Flail
    Flat
    Fleet
    Flesh
    Flexible
    Flick
    Flicking
    Flight
    Float
    Floating
    Floor
    Florian Poupard
    Flow
    Flowers
    Fluid
    Fluidity
    Flying
    Flying (飞 - Fei)
    Fly Whisk
    Focus
    Folk
    Follow
    Following
    Food
    Foot
    Foot-law
    Foot Position
    Foot-print
    ‘foot’ Root (脚根 - Jiao Gen)
    Footwork
    Force
    Fore-head
    Foreign
    Foreigners
    Forest
    Forest Prayer
    Forests
    Forgive
    Form
    Forms
    Fortress
    Forward
    Forward Stance
    Foundation
    Foundations
    Four
    Fragrant
    Frame
    Frames
    France
    Frank Johnson 6th Dan
    Fraud
    Free
    Freed
    Freedom
    Free Fighting
    Free-flowing
    Free Hand
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    Free-standing
    Freeze
    Freezing
    French
    Frequency
    Frog
    Front
    Fruit
    Fujian
    Fujian Province
    Full
    Funakoshi Gichin
    Function
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    Fuqing
    Fu Ta Tsue
    Future
    Fuzhou
    Gael
    Gaelic
    Galatia
    Game
    Gam Mi
    Gang
    Gao (高)
    Gap
    Gate
    Gaul
    Ge-Dan
    Ge-Dan Bara-I
    Gedan Barai
    Ge-Dan Hara-I
    Gedan Harai
    Gee
    Gee Wyles
    Ge Hong (葛洪)
    Gekisai
    GekisaiDaichi
    Gekisaidaini
    Geksai
    Gene Ching
    General Qi Ji Guang
    Generation Qi
    Generations
    Genetic
    Genetic Diversity In Japan A Genetic Study
    Genetics
    Gentle
    Gentleness
    Genuine
    Genzi
    Geography
    George Andrews
    George Andrews 7th Dan
    George Kerr
    Gi
    Giant
    Giant Buddha
    Giant Sword
    Gichin Funakoshi
    Gift
    Gifts
    Gillian
    Gillian Chang
    Gilt
    Gim
    Give Way
    Giving-up
    Giving-way
    Glastonbury
    Glastonbury Tor
    Glide
    Gloves
    Go
    Godan
    Go Genki
    Goju
    Goju Kai
    Goju Ryu
    Goju-Ryu
    Goju Ryu Karate Do
    Goju Ryu Karate-Do
    Goju-Ryu Karate-Do
    Goju Ryu (刚柔流)
    Go Ken Ki
    Gold
    Golden Belt
    Golden Rooster
    Gongfu
    Good
    Good Luck
    Goods
    Governing
    Governing Vessel
    Grabbing
    Grades
    Grading
    Gradings
    Grain
    Grandfather
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    Grand Temple
    Grapple
    Grappling
    Grasp
    Grave
    Gravity
    Great Bear Cat
    Great Heat Wine
    Great Treatise
    Great Wall
    Great Way
    Greece
    Greed
    Greed#
    Greeks
    Grip
    Groin
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    Grove Road
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    Guan Dao
    Guangdong
    Guan Gong
    Guangzhou
    Guard
    Guard Dogs
    Guest People
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    Guiding
    Guildford
    Guizhou
    ​𠃌 (gun3)
    Guru
    Gwoon
    Gyaku Tsuki
    Gyaku Zuk
    Gypsy
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    Hads
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    Hair
    Hairpin
    Hairpins
    Hakka
    Hakka Chinese
    Hakka Gold
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    Hakkaku Hei-ho
    Hakka-Punti Clan Wars
    Hakka Warriors
    Halal
    Halberb
    Hall
    Halt
    Hammer
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    Hand
    Hand-Blade (手刀
    Hands
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    Hand-to-hand
    Han Dynasty
    Hang
    Hanyu
    Han (韩)
    Hara
    Harae
    Hara-Kiri
    Hard
    Hard Qigong
    Hardship
    Hard-Soft
    Harmonious
    Harmonious Way School
    Harmony
    Harsh
    Hatred
    Hawaii
    He
    Head
    Head Monk
    ‘head’ Root (顶根 - Ding Gen).
    Healing
    Health
    Heart
    Heart Meridian
    Heat
    Heaviness
    Heavy
    Heel
    Heian Period
    Height
    He Jinbao
    Help
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    Henrik Larson
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    Hereford Leisure Centre
    Hereford Times
    Hermit
    Hexagram
    Hexagram 56
    Hidden
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    Higaonna Family
    Higaonna Kanryo
    Higaonna Kanryō
    Higaonna Morio
    Higaonna Onna
    Higaoona Kanryo
    High
    Hikers
    Hiking
    Hill Running
    Hills
    Hinge
    Hinton Community Centre
    Hinton Leisure Centre
    Hip
    Hip Twist
    Hiragana
    Hiroki Miyagi
    Hironori Otsuka (1892-1982)
    History
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    Hojo
    Hokkian
    Hokkien
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    Holding
    Holding The Ball
    Holistic
    Hollow
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    Hong Fist
    Hong Jia Quan
    Hong Kong
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    Honour Fight
    Hook
    Hope
    Horizontal
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    Horror
    Horse
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    Horton Hospital
    Hot
    Hotel
    Hourglass
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    Hua Jin
    Hua-tou
    Hub
    Hubei
    Hu Cha
    Hucheng
    Hug
    Hui
    Humanity
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    Humour
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    Hundred
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    Hung Gar Kuen
    Hung Kuen
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    Iaido
    I Ching
    Identical
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    Ignorant
    Ill Health
    Illness
    Imagination
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    Immigration Act 1948
    Immortal
    Impact
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    Incense
    Inconsistent
    Increase
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    Indian Yogi
    Indifference
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    Indo-China
    Indoor
    Inflated
    Influence
    Influencers
    Inheritance
    Inheritor
    Inhibit
    Injury
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    Inner Vision
    Inscription
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    Insurance
    Intake
    Intangible
    Integrate
    Integrated
    Integration
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    Interaction
    Intercept
    Interlock
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    Invasion
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    Invisible
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    Iran
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    Iron Fighting Wine
    Iron Ox
    Iron Vest
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    Islamic
    Island
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    Jade
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    JG Ballard
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    Jimi Hendrix
    Jimmy H Woo
    Jimmy Woo
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    Jinan Shinzato (新里仁安)
    Jin Dynasty
    Jing
    Jing Nan
    Jing Wu
    'jing' [精
    ‘Jin Jing’ (晋京)
    Jin (劲4)
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    Ji (吉)
    Jo-Dan
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    Johnny Woo
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    Joints
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    Jomon
    Jorge Monteiro
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    Judging Official
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    June 9th
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    Kakazu Yoshimasa
    Kakeai
    Kake-Te'
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    ‘Kakie’ (カキエ)
    Kaki-Ti'
    Kaku
    Kaku No Te
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    Kanji
    Kanryo
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    Kara-Te
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    Karate Do
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    Karate-Do Committee
    ‘Karate-Do – How To Enjoy Practice’
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    Karate-Dp
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    Katana
    Katas
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    Kevin Chaplin
    Khan
    Khufu
    Ki
    Ki-ai
    Kibg
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    Kicking Power
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    Killick House
    Killing
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    Kingai-Ryu
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    Knockout
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    Knowing
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    Knowledgeable
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    KO
    'koa-kui' Or 'khoa-kui'
    Kobayashi Ryu
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    Kongoken'
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    Kume Village
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    Learning
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    Leatherhead
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    Leg
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    Leisure Centres
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    Leopard
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    Lightness
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    Lily Chiu
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    Limit
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    'Lin Dachong' (林达崇)
    'Lin Dachong' (林达崇)
    Lin Dachong’ (林达崇)
    Lin Dachong’ (林达崇)
    Line
    Lineage
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    Ling Kong Neng Liang Shou
    Ling Kong Shou
    Ling Kong Zhang
    Lin Jingfeng
    Lin Jingfeng (林竞峰) [1947-2018]
    ‘Lin Jun’ (林俊)
    Link
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    Lin Weigong (林伟功)
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    Lin (林)
    Lion Law
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    Liu Shi
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    Livestream
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    Li Yinggang
    Lizard
    Liz Wan
    Liz Yin
    Li (李)
    Location
    Lock
    Logic
    #london
    London
    London Prize Fighting Rules
    Long
    Longevity
    Longfist
    Long Stance
    Long Sword
    Loom
    ‘loosening’ (松 - Song)
    Lord
    Lord Guan
    Loss
    Louhan Quan
    Louhanquan
    Louzi
    Love
    Loving Kindness
    Loving-kindness
    Low
    Lower
    Lower Block
    Lowering
    Lowing
    Loyal
    Lu
    Lumbar
    Lunar
    Lung
    Lunge
    Lun Yu
    LunYu
    Luo Han
    Luohan
    Luo Han Quan
    Luohan Quan
    ‘Luo’ (罗)
    Lu Zijian
    Ma Baoguo (马保国)
    ‘Ma Bin’ - 马斌
    Ma Bu
    Mabuni Kenwa
    Machine
    Macho
    Macrocosmic
    Madam Cheung Yuet-Tai
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    Ma Family
    Magazine
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    Malarial
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    Map
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    Mark Edward Lewis
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    Martial
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    Martial Arts
    ‘Marutani Takeo’ [丸谷武雄]
    Masahiko Ando
    Mask
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    Massacre
    Master
    Master Chan
    Master Chan Ting
    Master Chan Tin Sang
    Master Chan Tin Sang (1924 1993)
    Master Chan Tin Sang (1924-1993)
    Master Hai Deng
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    ‘Master Ti Guang’ [体光]
    Master Xu Yun
    Mastery
    Master Yuan Xiugang (袁修钢) -
    Master Yu Danqiu (余丹秋)
    Mat
    Matayoshi Shinpou (又吉真豊)
    Material
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    Mature
    Maturity
    Maturtity
    Mawashi Uke
    ‘Ma Xiaoyang’ (马晓阳)
    May
    May23rd
    ‘Ma Zhongyi’ (马忠义)
    MAZIAR KEBAT
    Ma (马)
    MDNA.Paternal
    Meaning
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    Medieval Japan
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    Merry Christmas Mr Lawrence
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    Miyagi Anichi
    Miyagi Anichi’ (宫城安一)
    ‘Miyagi Anichi’ [宮城安一] (1931-2009)
    Miyagi Chojun
    ​Miyagi Chojun (宫城长顺)
    Miyagi Chojun (宫城长顺)
    Miyagi Chosho
    Miyagi Takashi
    Miyagi Takashi (1951)
    Miyagi Takashi [宮城敬]
    Miyagi Takashi [宮城敬]
    Miyagi Toru
    ‘Miyazato Eiichi’ [宮里栄] (1922-1999).
    MMA
    Modern
    Modernity
    Momentum
    Monastic
    Monasticism
    Monastics
    Money
    Monk
    Monkey
    Monks
    Monument
    Mooing
    Moon
    Morality
    Morning
    Morphine
    Mosque
    Motobu Chaoji (本部朝基)
    Motobu Chaoji [本部朝基]
    Motobu Choki
    Mould
    Mountain
    Mountains
    Mourning
    Move
    Movement
    Movements
    Movemet
    Movies
    Moving Zen
    Moxibustion
    Mr George
    Mr Harada
    Mr. Huang Teng (黄腾)
    Mr Kenichi Ginkari (铭苅拳一 - Ming Yi Quan Yi)
    Mr Masaru Suzuki
    Mr Miyazato Eiichi (宫里荣一)
    ​Mr. Motobu [本部]
    Mr Wong
    Muay Thai
    Muchimi
    Mud
    Mufu
    Muhammed Ali
    Multiply
    Mural
    MURASAKIMURA Dojo
    Murder
    Muscle
    Muscles
    Muslim
    Muslims
    Mu (穆)
    Myagi Chojun
    Myiyagi Anichi
    Mystery
    Myth
    Nagamine Masamune (长岭将真)
    Naha
    Naha City
    Naha Te
    Naha-Te
    ‘Naha Te’ (那霸手 - Na Ha Shou)
    Naive
    Nakaima Norisato
    Nakamoto Masabu (仲本政傅)
    Nakamura Tetsuji
    Nakamura Tetsuji Ernie Molyneux Henrik Larson Yamashiro Katsuya Jorge Monteiro
    Naked
    Name
    Names
    Naming
    Nanjing
    Nan Quan
    Nanquan
    National
    Nationalist
    National Park
    National Tongliang Dragon Dance Troupe
    Natural
    Nature
    Neck
    Negotiate
    Nei
    Neidan
    Neigong
    Neijing
    Nekoashi
    Nerve-bundle
    Nervous
    Nest
    New
    New China
    News
    Newspaper
    New Teritories
    New Territories
    New Zealand
    Nexus
    NHK
    Ninja
    Nippon
    Nippon Budokan (日本武道館)
    No
    No. 2
    Nobility
    Non-action
    Non-alignment
    Non-Chinese
    Non-delusion
    Non-effort
    Non-greed
    Non-Han
    Non-hatred
    Non-martial Arts
    Non-rootedness
    Nonsuch School
    Normality
    Normandy
    North
    Northamptonshire
    North Chean
    North China
    Northern
    Northern Fist
    Northern Gongfu
    Northern Horse
    North London
    Northwest
    Notion
    Nuance
    Nullify
    Numb
    Number
    Numbers
    Nunchaku
    Oak
    Obedience
    Objective
    Oblate
    Obscure
    Observation
    Obstruction
    Ocean
    Oceania
    October
    Oda Nobunaga
    Offences
    Offense
    Officials
    Oi
    Oi Tsuki
    Oi Zuki
    Okinawa
    Okinawa: An Island People
    Okinawan
    Okinawan Karate
    Old
    Old Age
    Old China
    Old Chinese
    Older
    Old Man
    Old Shoe
    O-M119
    O-M122
    O-M268
    Omastics
    One
    Oneness
    One Sided Horse
    Online
    Open
    Open Hand
    Open-hand
    Open-Space
    Opium
    Opium Pipe
    Opponent
    Oppression
    Order
    Organs
    Oriental City
    Origin
    ‘Orthodox Karate-Do – An Introduction’
    O'Sensei Higaonna Morio
    O Sensei Kimura Shigeru (10th Dan) [1941-1995]
    Otachi
    Out
    Outer
    Outlet
    Outside
    Out-smart
    Overcome
    Ownership
    Ox
    Oxford
    Oxyden
    Oxygen
    Pace
    Pacific
    Pacific War
    Pacific War (1941-1945)
    Padded
    Pain
    Pain-killing
    Pair
    Palm
    Palms
    Panda Bear
    Pan Guan (判官)
    ‘pan Shou’ (盘手)
    Pan Yu
    Pan Yu Ba
    'Pan Yu Ba' (盘屿八
    ‘Pan Yu Ba’ (盘屿八)
    Paper
    Paralysis
    Paris
    Park
    Parry
    Particle
    Parts
    Pass
    Past
    Patch
    Path
    Pattern
    Patterns
    Payment
    Peace
    Peasant
    Pelvipelvic-girdle
    Pen
    Penetrate
    Penis
    People's Daily
    People's Militia
    Perception
    Perch
    Perfect
    Perfection
    Permanent
    Permission
    Persia
    Persona Non-grata
    Peter Irving
    'Pheonix Eye Fist' (凤凰眼拳
    Pheonix Eye Strike
    Philippines
    Philosophy
    Photgraphs
    Photograph
    Photographs
    Physical
    Physical Fitness Instructor
    Picts
    Pictures
    Pierce
    Piety Association
    Pik Wan
    Pin
    Pinan
    Ping
    Pitch-fork
    Pivot
    PLA
    Place
    Placement
    Plaid
    Planning
    Plastic
    Play
    Playing
    Plotinus
    Plunge
    Poer
    Poetry
    Point
    Points
    Poise
    Polarity
    Pole
    Police
    Polish
    Polite
    Politics
    Pollution
    Pony
    Poole
    Popularity
    Porcelain
    Port
    Portuguese Slavery
    Positioining
    Position
    Positional
    Positioning
    Positive
    Post-1945
    Post Office
    Postures
    Pot
    Pottery
    Poverty
    POW
    Power
    Power-fluidity
    Powerful
    Power Hitting
    Power-hitting
    POWs
    Practice
    Prajna
    Praying Mantis
    PRC
    Precise
    Precision
    Predatory Capitalism
    Pre-exist
    Prefecture
    Pre-Islam
    Preparation
    Prepare
    Prescription
    Presence
    Present
    Preservation
    Press
    Pressure
    Pressure-point
    Pressure Points
    Pressure Point Striking
    Prevail
    Prevailing
    Principles
    Print
    Prisoner
    Pristine
    Production
    Professional
    Profit
    Profound
    Profundities
    Prohibit
    Protect
    Protection
    Province
    Psyche
    Psychology
    PTI
    Published
    Published Article
    Publishing
    Publushing
    Pugilist
    Pull
    Puma
    Punch
    Punch-bag
    Punching
    Punish
    Punishment
    Punti
    Pure
    Purification
    Purify
    Purpose
    Pursue
    Push
    Push Hands
    Putian
    Putonghua
    Qi
    Qianfeng School
    Qiang
    Qianlong
    Qian (钱)
    Qi Channels
    Qi Energvital Force
    Qi Energy
    Qi Flow
    Qi-flow
    Qigong
    Qigong (气功)
    Qi Jiguang
    Qi Magazine
    Qin
    Qin Dynasty
    Qing
    Qingding
    Qing Dynasty
    Qinghai
    Qingming
    Qin Na
    Qinna
    Qiu
    ‘qi’ (气)
    'qi' [氣]
    Quadriceps
    Quan
    Quanzhou
    Quarterly
    Queensbury Rules
    Qur'an
    Qu Shou
    Racing
    Racism
    Radical
    Rain
    Raised
    Rama
    Ram Muay
    Ran-Dori
    Randori
    Range
    Ran-Tori
    Rape
    Rape Of Beijing
    Rare
    Rattan Ring
    React
    Realism
    Reality
    Reality Gongfu
    Reason
    Re-attach
    Rebound
    Rebounding
    Receive
    Recognition
    Record
    Records
    Red Hill
    Redhill
    Re-direct
    Redirect
    Reference
    Refine
    Reflection
    Reflex
    Regulation
    Reigate
    Rein
    Reject
    Rejected
    Relax
    Relaxation
    Relaxation’ (弛 - Chi)
    Relaxed
    Religion
    Relocate
    Removal
    Renting
    Ren Zhe
    Repetition
    Replemish
    Report
    Representative
    Republic
    Reputation
    Research
    Resist
    Resistance
    Resolution
    Resolve
    Respect
    Rest
    Restore
    Restuarant
    Retail
    Retainer
    Retirement Homes
    Retreat
    Retreive
    Retrieve
    Revenge
    Reverse
    Revised
    Revolutionary
    Revolve
    Rice
    Rice Fields
    Rich
    Richard Hunn
    Rickshaw
    Ride
    Ridicule
    Riding
    Right
    Righteous
    Right-hand
    Right-hook
    Rightness
    Rigid
    ‘rigid’ (刚 - Gang)
    Rinan’ (日南)
    Ring
    Rip
    Rise
    Rising
    Ritsumeikan University
    Ritsumei University
    Ritual
    Ritual Dance
    River
    Road
    Robber
    Robust
    Rock
    Rock-climbing
    ROK
    Roll
    Rolled
    Roman
    Romans
    Romany
    Roof-tile
    Root
    Rooted
    Rootedness
    Rope
    Ross Road
    Rotate
    Rou
    Round
    Rounded
    Rounded Joints
    Round House
    Round-house
    Round-kick
    Rou Shu
    Royalty
    R Squadron
    Ruan (阮)
    Ruck Sack
    Rucksack
    Rule
    Run
    Running
    Ru Ru Ge
    Ru Ru Ko
    RU-RU-KO
    Russia
    Russian
    Ru Tu Ge
    Ryu
    Ryuei Ryu
    Ryu Kyu
    Ryukyu
    ‘Ryukyu Fist Law Tang Hand Way Historical Developmental Overview’ (琉球拳法唐手道沿革概要 - Liu Qiu Quan Fa Tang Shou Dao Yan Ge Gai Yao).
    Ryu Kyu Islands
    Ryu Ryu Ko
    Saba
    Sabot
    Sabotage
    Sacrifical Vessel
    Sacrifice
    Saddle
    Safe
    Sai
    Saifa
    Sai Kung
    Sai Kung Area
    Sai Kung Town
    Sailing
    Sailors
    Samadhi
    Samming City
    Samurai
    Sanch
    Sanchin
    Sanchin Kata
    Sanchin-stepping
    Sand
    Sanda
    Sangha
    Sanseiru
    San Soo
    San Zhan
    'San Zhan' (三战)
    SAR
    SAS
    Sashes
    Savate
    Scale
    Scapegoating
    Scattered
    Scholar
    Scholars
    School
    Science
    Science Advances
    Scott Hut
    Scout Hut
    Scraps
    Script
    Scroll
    Scts
    Sea
    Sea-bed
    Seal
    Seal Script
    Secrecy
    Section
    Secure
    Seeing
    Seipa
    Seipai
    Seisan
    Seize
    Self-cultivation
    Self-defence
    Self-development
    Self-serving
    Sell
    Seminar
    Senaka No Kitae
    Sensei
    Sensei Alan Bound
    Sensei Kimura Shigera
    Sensei Tony Smith
    Senshi
    Sensie Kimura Shigeru
    Sensitivity
    Sentence
    Sepai
    Sequence
    Seres
    Servants
    Set
    Settle
    Settlement
    Seunchin
    Severe
    Shaft
    Shake
    Shaking
    ‘shaking’ (摇 Yao)
    ‘shaking’ (摇 - Yao)
    Shallow
    Shaman
    Shan
    Shandong
    Shang
    Shang Dynasty
    Shanghai
    Shanghai Karate Kobudo Bozheng
    Shanghai Wushu Association
    Shang Heng
    Shaolin
    ‘Shaolin Five Ancestor Fist’ (少林五祖拳 - Shao Lin Wu Zu Quan)
    Shaolin Temple
    Shaolin (少林)
    Shape
    Sharp
    Shatter
    Shen
    Shen Shanxi
    ‘Shen’ (慎)
    Shen (慎)
    Shen (沈)
    Shiatsu
    Shi Fa
    Shift
    Shifting
    Shifu
    Shifu (師父)
    Shi Gong
    Shi Jiaming (石佳明)
    Shiko
    Shi Mingyu’ (释明余)
    Shinto
    Shipping
    Ships
    Shipwrecks
    Shito Ryu
    Shito Ryu (系东流)
    Shi Xingzheng
    Shoichin
    Shop
    Shorinji Kempo
    Shorin Ryu
    Short
    Short-Form
    Short-sword
    Sho Shin
    Shotokan
    Shotokan Ryu (松涛馆流的)
    Shou
    Shoulder
    Shout
    Showa
    Shu
    Shuang Jie Gun
    ​Shuang (双)
    Shuffle
    Shuijing
    Shu Jing
    Shukokai
    Shukokai Karate
    Shuri
    Shuriken
    Shuri Ryu
    Shuri Te
    Shuri-Te
    Si
    Siam
    Sichuan
    Sickle
    Siddalls Gardens
    Side
    Signatute
    Signed
    Silence
    Silk
    Sil Long
    Silver
    Simplicuty
    Singing
    Singing (鸣 - Ming)
    Single
    Single-edge
    Single Whip
    Sink
    Sino Japanese War
    Sino-Japanese War
    Situation
    Six Feet
    Six Lines
    SKF
    Skiing
    Skill
    Skin
    Skinning
    Skull
    Sky
    Slam
    Slap
    Slaves
    Sleep
    Slender
    Slice
    Slide
    Slip
    Slips
    Slither
    Slow
    Small
    Small Holding
    Small Tiger
    Smash
    Smith
    Smoking Pipe
    Smooth
    Snake
    Snake Creeps Down
    Snakes
    SNCO
    Sniper
    Sniping
    Snow
    Social
    Socialism
    Society
    Sō Dōshin (宗道臣) [1911-1980]
    Soft
    Soft Art
    Solar
    Solar Plexus
    Soldiers
    Sole
    Solid
    Solidity
    Son
    Song (宋) And Zhou (周)
    Soul
    Sound
    Source
    South
    South Africa
    South China
    South China Sea
    South-East
    Southern
    Southern Boat
    Southern Fist
    Southern Gongfu
    Southern Karate-do Wado-Kai
    Southern Karate Do Wado Ryu
    Southern Karate-Do Wado Ryu
    Southern Shaolin
    South London
    South Paw
    Sovereign Leisure Centre
    Space
    Spain
    Sparring
    Speak
    Spear
    Special
    Spedd
    Speed
    Spindle
    Spine
    Spinning
    Spiral
    Spirit
    Spiritual
    Spirituality
    Spiritual Laziness
    Split
    Sport
    Sport Karate
    Sports
    Spped
    Spread
    Spring And Autumn
    Spring-loaded
    Spy
    Spying
    Square
    Squat Kicks
    Squat-kicks
    Squatting
    Stab
    Stabbing
    Stabce
    Stability
    Stable
    Staff
    Stake
    St Albans Road
    Stam
    Stamina
    Stamp
    Stance
    Stance Syability
    Standing
    Stand Up
    Star
    Start
    State
    Statue
    Steal
    Stealth
    Steel Wire
    Stele
    Step
    Step-Law
    Steppe
    Stick
    Sticks
    Sticky-hand
    Sticky-Hands
    Stiffness
    Stifle
    Still
    Still Mind
    Stillness
    Stirrups
    Stocism
    Stone
    Stoneleigh
    Stop
    Storms
    St Petersburg
    Straight
    Straight Long Sword
    Straits
    Straw
    Stream
    Street
    Strength
    Strengthen
    Strengthening
    Stretch
    Strict
    Strike
    Strikes
    Striking
    Striking Post
    Strong
    Structure
    Structures
    Student
    Study
    Stunned
    Stupidity
    Style
    Style Frame
    Stylised
    Subdue
    Submission
    Success
    Sue-Ling
    Su Feng
    Suffering
    Sui
    Suicide
    Sui Dynasty
    Sui Po
    Summer
    Sumo
    Sun
    Sunday
    Sunzi
    Suparinpei
    Suparinpei Kata
    Superficial
    Supplement
    Support
    Suppress
    Suprise
    Surangama Sutra
    Surface
    Surgery
    Suri-Ashi
    Sur-Ling
    Surname
    Surnames
    Surrey
    Survival
    Suspend
    Sutra
    Sutton
    Sutton District \School
    Su Yinghan
    Suzuki
    Swamps
    Sway
    Swaying
    Sweat
    Sweating Ox
    Sweep
    Swing
    Switch
    Swival
    Sword
    Sympathy
    Symposium
    Sype
    System
    Tagou
    Tai
    Tai Chi Magazine
    Taiji
    Taijiquan
    Taiji Tu
    Taipei
    Tai Po
    Taipong
    Tai Sabaki
    Taiwan
    Taiyi
    Taizu
    Taji Sword
    Take-Away
    Talent
    Tamar
    Tameshigiri (試し切り)
    Tan
    Tang
    Tang Dou
    Tang Dynasty
    Tang Hand
    ‘Tang Hand’ (唐手 - Tang Shou).
    Tang Lixian
    Tang Quan’ (唐拳)
    Tang Rong
    Tang Shou
    Tang Ying
    Tao (陶)
    Tap
    Target
    Tartan
    Tatami
    TCM
    Te
    Tea
    Teacher
    Teachers
    Teaching
    Tea Shop
    Technique
    Telegram
    Telegraph
    Temple
    Temples
    Tendon
    Tendons
    Tense
    Tenshin Ryu
    Tenshin Ryu (天心流) War Of Art (兵法)
    Tensho
    Tensho' (转掌 - Zhan Zhuan)
    Tension
    Terms
    Terrain
    Test
    Testicles
    Testing
    Texts
    Thai Boxing
    Thai King
    Thailand
    The Fight
    The Fujian 'Tang Shou' Karate-Do Association
    Theory
    Theravada
    Thigh
    Thinking
    Third Ear
    Third-Eye
    Third Order
    Thought
    Thousand
    Thrash
    Threads
    Three
    Three Battles
    Thresh
    Through
    Through Back
    Throw
    Throwing
    Thrust
    Thug
    Tian
    Tian (田)
    Tibet
    Tidy
    Tied
    Tiger
    Tiger Fist
    Tiger Fork
    Tiger Mouth
    Tiger-Mouth
    TikTok
    Time
    Timing
    Tip
    Tissue
    Title
    Titles
    Tiverton
    Tokizawa Yahei
    Tokuda Yasuharu (徳田安文)
    Tokugawa Shogunate
    Tokyo
    Tomari-te
    Tomb
    Tom Beardsley
    Tomb Stones
    Tommy Hearns
    Tom Newham
    Tong
    Tongbai
    Tong Bei
    Tongbei
    Tongliang
    Tony Smith
    Tony Smith 5th Dan
    Top
    Topple
    Tori-Te
    Toro Gushi Uke
    Torque
    Torrent
    Torso
    Torture
    Toshio Tsukamoto
    Totem
    Touch
    Tough
    Toughen
    Trade
    Tradition
    Traditional
    Traditional Karate
    Train
    Training
    Training Hall
    Training Hall China
    Train Station
    Tranquil
    Tranquillity
    Transcend
    Transform
    Transformation
    Transition
    Translate
    Translation
    Transliteration
    Transmission
    Transmit
    Transmitting
    ‘Transmitting Brilliance Training Hall’ (講明館 - Ko Mei Kan).
    Transport
    Trap
    Travel
    Treasure
    Tree
    Trees
    Tremble
    ‘tremble’ (抖 - Dou)
    Tribes
    Tribute
    Trident
    Trigram
    Trip
    Triple Gem
    Tripping
    Truncheon
    Truth
    Tsim Sha Tsui
    Tsuki
    Tsuru
    Tumble
    Turkic
    Turn
    Turning
    Turning-about
    Turning Palm
    TV
    Twenty-Eight Perches’ (鸣鹤拳二十八宿 - Ming He Quan Er Shi Ba Su
    Twin
    Twist
    Two
    Two-finger Ch'an
    Tyranny
    Ueshiba Kisshōmaru
    Ueshiba Morihei
    UFC
    UK
    Uke
    Umbrella
    UN
    Unarmed
    Unarmed Combat
    Unconscious
    Unconsciousness
    Under-cut
    Understan
    Understand
    Understanding
    Undo
    Unequal Treaties
    Unified
    Unity
    Universal Kata Number 1 & 2
    Universe
    Upanishads
    Upper
    Upper Block
    Upper Body
    Upper-cut
    Uprisings
    Urban
    Urn
    Urumqi
    US
    USA
    US Cold War
    US Imperialism
    US Racism
    Vacuum
    Valleys
    Valued
    VCD
    Vegetanles
    Vegetarian
    ‘Venerable Xiao’
    Vertical
    Vessel
    Vessels
    Vibrant
    Vibrating
    Vicious
    Victoria Harbour
    Vid
    Video
    Vietnam
    Vigour
    Village
    Villages
    Vimalakirti
    Vinaya
    Vintage
    Violence
    Virgin Gym - Abbey Mills
    Virtue
    Vision
    Visit
    Vital Force
    Void
    Vol. 32
    Wado Kai
    Wado-Kai
    Wado Ryu
    Wado Ryu (和道流)
    Waidan
    Waigong
    Wai Kru
    Waist
    ‘waist’ Root (腰根 - Yao Gen)
    Wakizashi
    Wales
    Walking
    Wall
    Wanderers
    Wang Biandou
    Wang Changhai (王长海)
    Wang Maozhai
    Wang Meng
    ‘Wang Qingmin’ (王庆民)
    Wang Shi’an’ (王士庵)
    Wang Xiangui
    Wang Zhiying (王子英).
    Wang (王)
    War
    War Crimes
    Warfare
    Warm
    War Man Way
    Warm-up
    Warp
    Warring States
    Warrior
    Warrior-monks
    Warriors
    Wars
    Water
    Water Margin
    Wave
    Way
    Wayfarer Publication
    Way Of Harmony
    Way Of Peace
    Way Of The Warrior
    Weakness
    Weapon
    Weaponised
    Weaponry
    Weapons
    Weather
    Weave
    Weaving
    Website
    Weft
    Weight
    Weighted
    Weighted Ruck Sack
    Weightlifting
    Weight Training
    Wei Ke Da)
    Wei (魏)
    Weng Xinhui
    Weng (翁)
    West
    West Africa
    Western
    Westerners
    Western Han
    Western Technology
    West Lake Public Park
    Wheels
    White
    White Crane
    White Crane Fist
    White Horse Lake
    White Silk Seal
    Whole
    Whooping
    Whooping Crane Fist
    ‘Whooping Crane Fist’ (鸣鹤拳 - Ming He Quan)
    Wide Stance
    Width
    Wijiaoteng Village
    Wikipedia
    Wild
    Wild Cat
    Will
    Will-power
    Wind
    Wine
    Wing Chun
    Wings
    Wisdom
    Wise
    Withstand
    Wivers
    Wobble
    WOII
    Wolves
    Woman
    Women
    Wonder
    Wong Tai Sin
    Wood
    World
    Wounds
    Wrapping Silk
    Wrestling
    Wrist
    Writing Brush'
    Wsom
    Wu
    Wudang
    Wudang Internal Family Fist Law’ (武当内家拳法)
    Wudang Mountain Geological Museum (武当山地质博物馆)
    Wudang Mountain Special Zone Planning Hall (武当山特区规划馆)
    Wudang (武当)
    Wu Qin Yi
    Wu Shi Dao
    Wu Shu
    Wushu
    WuShu]Gongfu
    Wu Weiyang (武维扬)
    Wu Xiangui
    Wu Xiangui [伍賢貴] (1886 1940)
    Wu Xiangui [伍賢貴] (1886-1940)
    Wu Xiangui (呉賢貴)
    Wu (伍)
    Wu (吴)
    Wu (吴)
    Wu (武)
    Wu (邬)
    WWII
    Wyles
    Xia Dynasty
    Xiamen
    Xiang'an District
    Xiangding
    Xiang (向)
    Xiao Dingpei (肖定沛)
    Xiao Shuide (萧铄德)
    Xiao Yujun (小鱼君)
    Xiaozi
    Xie Chongxiang
    Xie Chongxiang (謝崇祥)
    Xie Chongxiang (谢崇祥)
    Xie Chongxiang’ (谢崇祥)
    Xie Chongxiang’ [谢崇祥]
    Xie Congxiang
    Xie Ru Ru
    Xie Ruru
    Xie Ru Ru’ (谢如如)
    Xie Ruru (谢如如)
    Xie Zongxiang
    Xie Zongxiang’ (谢宗祥)
    ‘Xie Zunshi’ (谢尊志)
    Xingyi
    Xingyiquan
    Xinhua
    Xining
    Xinjiang
    Xi Yang Zhang
    Xu Lanyu (徐兰雨)
    Xu Xiaodong (徐晓冬)
    Xu (许)
    Yagi Akitoku
    Yagi Akitoku (1952)
    Yagi Akitoku [八木明德] (1912 2003)
    Yagi Akitoku [八木明德] (1912-2003)
    Yamaguchi Gichin
    ‘Yamaguchi Gogen’
    Yamaguchi Gogen
    ‘Yamaguchi Minoru’ {山口實実)
    Yamamoto Atsuyuki
    Yamamoto Kagura
    Yamashiro Katsuya
    Yamashiro Yoshitomo
    Yang
    Yang Style
    'Yan Mengyong' (严孟永)
    Yanqing
    Yanzhou
    Yan (颜)
    Yasuke
    Yau
    ‘Ye Jianan’ (叶建安)
    Yellow Emperor
    Yi
    Yield
    Yijing
    Yijing Jing
    Yin
    Yin Bagua Zhang
    Yin Fu
    Ying (英)
    Yin-tang
    Yin-yang
    Yin (尹)
    Yisang
    ‘Yi’ (意
    Yongchun
    Yongquan
    Yongzheng Emperor
    Yoshihara
    Yoshitaka Inokuma (猪熊佳孝)
    YouKu
    Young
    Youth
    Youth Centre 21
    Youthful Folly
    Yuan Dynasty
    Yu Baoyan (余宝炎)
    Yu Danqiu (余丹秋)
    Yuika Tokashiki (渡嘉敷唯贤​)
    Yu (俞)
    Zagong
    Zen
    Zen At War
    Zeng Si
    Zhaihui
    Zhang Huqin (张虎勤)
    Zhang Sanfeng
    Zhang (张) And Li (李)
    Zhao Ming Wang
    Zheng Li’ (郑礼)
    Zheng (郑)
    Zhenru Temple
    'Zhiyuan' (智远)
    Zhou Dynasty
    Zhou (周)
    Zhuang-Dong (壮侗)
    Zhuanzhuang
    Zhuhai
    Zhu Yuanzhang’ (朱元璋)
    Zodiac
    Zong (宗)
    Zoom
    ‘Zou Zongtang’ (左宗棠)
    Zuki
    Клуб Годзю-рю каратэ Тори
    Сенсеем Богданом Курилко
    تای چی راه بی پایان
    مازیار کتابت
    おおたち
    ‘か’ (Kaku
    かい
    かきえ
    カキエ
    カキエ
    カキエー
    かきえ = Kakie
    カキテ = Kakite
    カキティ
    カキディ
    カケテ
    かけで
    かけて = Kakete
    き(ki)
    コウキ
    ‘ず’ (Zu)
    そほうか
    'チ' (Chi)
    ‘つる’ (Tsuru)
    はら
    ふたつえ
    ぶん
    ムチミ
    ルールーコウ
    ​一 (yi1)
    一拳必殺
    一百零八手 (Yi Bai Ling Ba Shou) = Suparinpei
    三十六手
    三十六手 (San Shi Liu Shou) = Sanseru
    三战
    (三战 San Zhan)
    (三战 - San Zhan)
    三战等 (San Zhan) = Sanchin
    三戦
    三议妙 - San Yi Miao
    下丹田 - Xia Dan Tian
    下段払い
    下段払い
    丘
    东恩纳宽用
    东恩纳盛男先生
    中国传统长兵 虎叉
    丹田
    (丹田 - Dan Tian)
    ​丿(yi4)
    久留顿破
    久留顿破 (Jiu Liu Dun Po) = Kururunfa
    久米
    乱捕り
    予備運動 - Yo Bi Un Do
    二十八宿
    五祖
    五行
    仲井真元楷)
    传统武术
    体捌き
    修交会
    儿 - 儿 - コ
    內 - Nei
    內經
    八极拳
    八段锦
    八门五步 - Ba Men Wu Bu)
    '八闽' (Ba Min)
    公
    六机手
    六机手
    六机手 (Liu Ju Shou) = Rokuki
    '关元' (Guan Yuan)
    兵法
    内 - Nei
    (内功 - Neigong)
    内外合一 - Nei Wai He Ye
    决定
    凌空勁
    凌空掌
    凌空能量手
    凡 (fan2)
    击碎
    击碎
    击碎第一
    击碎第一
    击碎第三
    击碎第二
    击碎第二
    刀
    分解
    刘氏
    刚柔流
    刚柔流空手道
    制引战 (Zhi Yin Zhan) = Seiyunchin
    制引戦
    剑 - Jian
    剛
    剛柔体操 - Go Ju Tai Misao)
    剛柔流空手道
    劉衛流
    劉龍公
    '劍‘ (jian4)
    力手元!
    功夫散手
    ‘勿’ (wu4)
    北蛇拳
    十三手
    十三手 (Shi San Shou) = Seisan
    十八手
    十八手
    十八手 (Shi Ba Shou) = Seipai
    南少林拳法
    南拳
    南拳
    (南拳 - Nan Quan)
    南拳 - Nan Quan
    南船北马
    卦
    印掌 (Yin Zhang)
    又 (you4)
    又吉真豊直伝白鶴兵法三段の形
    双截棍)
    双蝶掌
    双风贯耳
    取手
    受
    受 (shou4)
    古田教案
    '合' (He2)!
    合氣道
    吉原 - Ji Yuan
    吕紫剑]
    吳賢貴
    吴贤贵
    吴贤贵
    呉賢貴
    (和道流)
    咏春拳
    唐
    唐手
    唐手
    唐手 - Tang Shou
    唐朵
    唐榮)
    唐營
    唐禮賢
    唐营
    囍
    四向战
    四向战 (Si Xiang Zhan) = Shisochin
    回転
    (地术拳 - Di Shu Quan)
    ‘型’ (xing2)
    壹百零八手
    外 - Wai
    外 - Wai
    大埔
    大太刀
    大暍酒
    大熊猫
    天回医学竹简
    太庙 - Tai Miao
    太极拳
    太极拳
    太極拳經
    太祖
    '套' (Tao)
    如如哥
    孔
    客家武术
    宫城安一
    宫城長祥
    宮城敬
    宮城敬
    [宮城敬]
    宮城 長順
    寛量
    導引
    少林拳 - Shaolin Quan
    少林罗汉拳 - Shao Lin Luo Han Quan
    巛 (chuan1)
    巠 (jing1)
    工 (gong1)
    师公
    幕阜山 - Mu Fu Shan
    ‘干’ (gan1)
    (庚子
    張三丰
    彌助
    '形' (Xing)
    形 - Xing
    形 - Xing
    ‘形’ (xing2)
    形意
    形象 - Xian Xiang
    忍者
    慎善熙
    慎善熙
    慎善熙 (Shen Shanxi)
    戚繼光
    截拳道
    '手' (shou3)
    手为先锋 (Shou Wei Xianfeng)
    拳
    '拳' (quan2)
    拳击爱好
    拳打六路 (Quan Da Liulu)
    拳经捷要篇
    掛 (gua4) 手 (shou3)
    掛け合い
    掛け手 (Ka Ke Te)
    掛手
    掛手
    (推手 - Tui Shou)
    握瓮 – Nigiri-Game
    搂子
    '摩' (mo2)
    撃砕
    擒拿
    攻防一体虎口廻受
    ‘教士’ (Jiao Shi)
    斋会
    新垣隆功
    方孔 - Fang Kong
    ‘日‘ (ri4)
    明手暗腿
    易筋經
    易經
    晰阳掌
    書經
    曾四
    東恩納 寛量'
    東恩納寬量
    林
    林伟功)
    林达崇
    林达崇
    架 - Jia
    柔
    柔 - Rou)
    柔術
    查拳
    梦斌
    植芝 吉祥丸
    植芝 盛平
    步法
    步法-Suri-Ashi
    武
    武动健康,养生惠民
    武备志’
    (武备志 - Wu Bei Zhi)
    武道
    段
    气 - Qi
    气功
    氣
    氣
    氣功
    永光
    永春
    決め
    沖縄
    泥丸宫 - Ni Wan Gong
    洪家拳
    洪拳
    浑元
    涌泉
    清定
    清定
    湖城
    潘嶼八
    炀
    爪 (zhao3)
    (狗拳 - Gou Quan)
    '狮'
    王扁豆
    王茂斋
    琉求’ (Liuqiu)
    琉球
    琉球 - Liu Qiu
    甕
    白鶴
    白鶴拳
    白鹤
    白鹤拳
    白鹤拳
    白鹤拳 - Bai He Quan
    白鹤拳 - Bai He Quan)
    百步神拳 (Bai Bu Shan Quan)
    盘屿
    (盘屿八)
    着
    知花朝信
    '石' (shi2).
    破門
    硬气功 - Ying Qi Gong
    硬氣功
    碎破
    碎破 (Sui Po) = Saifa
    祓
    神
    神
    '神' (Shen)
    神象 - Shen Xiang)
    禊
    福建白鶴拳
    秦
    空手
    空手 - Kong Shou
    突 (tu)
    '站桩' (Zhan Zhuang)
    竞楠
    '粵' Yue
    精
    精
    素封
    組手
    缠丝劲
    罗汉拳
    罗汉拳
    罗汉拳 - Luo Han Quan
    羅漢十八摩
    羅漢拳
    羅漢拳
    義和拳
    翁信辉)
    脚为帅 (Jiao Wei Shuai)
    脚踢八方 (Jiao Tī Bafang)
    茂木村
    萧和尚 - Xiao He Shang
    蒋雪珍
    虎叉
    虎口受け
    虚云大师
    ‘蜴’ (yi4)
    螳螂拳
    衛克達
    補助
    西湖公园
    西貢
    詠春
    講明館
    謝如如
    謝宗祥
    謝崇祥
    谢如如
    谢如如
    谢崇祥
    谢崇祥
    贤亮
    (足 - Ashi)
    跌打酒
    転掌
    轉掌
    转掌
    追 い 突 き
    逆 (ni4)
    逆突き
    ) 透劲 (Tou Jin)
    通背
    通背
    運動
    道
    那覇手
    那霸手
    '邱
    释行正
    野太刀
    ‘金剛圈’ (Jin Gang Quan)
    ‘金城 敬章’ - ‘Kinjo Hiroaki’
    釵
    釵
    錬士
    ‘錬士’ (Ren Shi)
    鎚石
    铁斗酒
    铁牛
    長拳
    闽
    '闽' (Min)
    陳
    陳
    陳天生
    陳家
    隋書 - Sui Shu
    隔山打牛 (Ge Shan Da Niu)
    隔空打人 (Ge Kong Jin Ren)
    雜功
    面子
    '順' (shun4)
    風け合い
    風水
    馬步
    高手’ (Gao Shou)
    鳴鶴拳
    '鶴' (he4)
    鶴 (he4)
    鶴の手
    鶴の手
    鸣鹤拳
    鸣鹤拳 - Ming He Quan
    鹤仙 - He Xian
    鹤巢寺
    鹤拳- He Quan)
    黃初平
    點穴
    點脈

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