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When the Japanese Made a Joke About 'Kara-Te': How ‘China Hand ' (唐手 - Tang Shou) Become ‘Empty Hand’ (空手 - Kong Shou)! (16.8.2022)

8/16/2022

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The White Uniform Worn in Japan (and Korea) During Martial Arts Practice is Believed to Be the Clothing Worn During the Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE) Era - A Time of Great Cultural Expansion and When Chinese Martial Culture Travelled Far and Wide!
Author’s Note: My view is that the change of name from ‘Tang Hand’ to ‘Empty-Hand' was a blatant act of Japanese imperialist aggression and was intended to render an art full of ‘Chinese’ influence – into a fabricated state ‘emptiness’ - that is ‘empty’ of any and all Chinese influence! I am told that within the Japanese cultural milieu, this change (initiated by the Japanese Authorities in Okinawa) is considered ‘funny’ and an obvious ‘joke’ - even today! The problem is that whilst the Chinese people readily understand and know this to be the case – the Western (and other Asian and non-Chinese) people do not understand this situation and actively participate in this anti-China ‘joke’ by uncritically practicing ‘Japanese’ Karate-Do – even though it is clearly a martial art with deep Chinese historical, cultural and political roots! I am not suggesting a boycott of Karate-Do, far from it - I am encouraging the spread and utilisation of ALL Chinese cultural activities - but whilst doing this I am suggesting that all those millions of people who practice Karate-Do (空手道 - Kong Shou Dao) or the older ‘Karate-Jitsu’ (空手術 - Kong Shou Shu) - remember that these arts are ‘Chinese’ in historical and cultural origin and should be known as ‘Tang Hand Way’ (唐手道 - Tang Shou Dao) or ‘Tang Hand Art’ ((唐手術 - Tang Shou Shu), etc. With regards to the Chinese ideogram ‘手’ (shou3), it denotes an ‘open’ hand with the palm clearly showing and the fingers spread. This denotes four-fingers and thumb with various explanations associated with its structure. Sometimes, for instance, this ideogram is confused with the very similar ‘毛’ (mao2) which denotes the wing of a bird (and is used to refer to ‘fur’ or the ‘hair’ of an animal). However, ‘手’ (shou3) is comprised of the central particle ‘于’ (yu2) which can be interpreted as an ancient wind instrument (possibly held to the mouth by the hand to be ‘blown’). ‘于’ (yu2) is also viewed as a simplified version of ‘於’ (yu2) - which denotes an object, or a thing placed in a definite position (sometimes also used to refer to a ‘crow’ or black-feathered bird). This ideogram also suggests a ‘sudden’ interruption in proceedings! Added to ‘于’ (yu2) is the particle ‘一’ (yi1) which on its own represents the number ‘1’ (one) or ‘I’ in Roman numerals! Therefore, ‘手’ (shou3) represents a hand and palm with fingers spread which is both ‘open’ and in ‘motion’ - whilst being both ‘creative’ and ‘decisive’. It can be ‘closed’ if required or any part of it (such as a ‘palm’ or an ‘edge’) can be used to influence the environment in the martial context! The hand is only ‘open’ whilst in transit. The hand is ‘moving’ in a ‘fluid’ and ‘effective’ many whilst not being ‘limited’ to the ‘shape’ or ‘form’ it has to ‘assume’ or temporally ‘occupy’ whilst expressing a bewildering array of martial shapes, expressions and forms! To counter the supposed ‘humour’ of Japanese imperialism – I would confirm that ‘Kara-Te’ is ‘full’ (and not ‘empty’) of Chinese cultural inheritance! I would further add that I am in support of ‘loving’ the Japanese people – and ALL the peoples of the world who practice and spread the art of ‘Kara-Te’! ACW (16.8.2022) 
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Not Only Was the Term 'Empty-Hand' Enforced in Okinawa in 1936 - But the Formerly 'Chinese' (Natural) Martial Styles Were Made to Adopt the Hierarchical System of Coloured-Belts Developed Within the Art of Judo!
Following the Meiji Restoration of 1868 – the Japanese Imperialist government embarked upon a rapid modernisation drive and an equally rapid expansion of Japanese political and cultural influence beyond its geographical borders! It is perhaps the greatest of ironies that Okinawa (Ryukyu) - an island nation politically and culturally associated with China for over a thousand years – possessed hundreds of highly trained martial artists (as well as thousands of amateur practitioners) - but did not possess a professional armed force dedicated to its own national defence! This is why the Japanese Imperial Army was able to land its forces unopposed in Okinawa in 1879 and the Japanese government was able to completely annex the island nation and separate and isolate its people from any and all Chinese cultural influence! The Japanese language replaced the Chinese language (and superseded the Okinawan dialect), and Japanese history replaced Chinese history. Despite these successes, however, the Japanese Authorities had to tread carefully as Qing Imperial China protested and threatened to send troops to the area – whilst the robust Okinawan people were more than capable of defending themselves against the over-zealous Japanese police and military! ​
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Japanese Master Yoshitaka Inokuma (猪熊佳孝) Practices Shuri (首里) Ryu Karate-Do - and is 99 years old! As of 2019 He Has Been Practicing for 65 Years! He Lives in Takamatsu City, Kagawa Prefecture, He Says He No Longer Wears a Gi (White Uniform) or a Coloured Belt. He is Currently an 8th Dan and Still Teaches Students! His Approach to Teaching Karate-Do Seems Very 'Chinese' in Essence!
According to conventual thinking, within the Okinawan dialect (which is a mixture of Chinese, Japanese and indigenous languages), the Chinese term ‘唐’ (Tang) used to refer to the Tang Dynasty and for centuries taken to mean the country of China – is pronounced ‘Kara’. The Japanese Authorities substituted the Chinese ‘唐’ (Tang-Kara) for the Kanji Japanese equivalent of ‘空’ (Kong-Kara). The name of the martial art appeared to stay the same on the surface – ‘Kara-Te' - but changed completely beneath the surface! This was an act of blatant imperialist domination on behalf of the Japanese themselves, and despite such people as Funakoshi Gichin playing along with it (pretending the change had something to do with the philosophy contained within the Buddhist Heart Sutra), its only purpose was the complete eradication of all Chinese cultural influence upon the island! This process saw ‘唐手’(Tang Shou – Kara Te) - or ‘China Open Hand Martial Art’ - become instead the Japanese art of ‘空手’ (Kong Shou – Kara-Te) or the ‘Empty Open Hand’ - despite these many martial systems often incorporating the extensive use of traditional martial arts weaponry! Despite this change, the problem the Japanese Authorities had was that very few of the prominent martial arts Masters on the island took any notice of the ‘new’ name and continued to teach their martial arts as being distinctly ‘Chinese’ in origin, nature and expression! ​
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Post-1868 Japanese Martial Arts Seek to Instill the Aggressive Will of the Japanese State! Chinese Martial Arts, On the Other Hand, Seek to 'Envelop' and 'Absorb' Such Unwarranted Aggressiveness!
It was not until 1936 (the 11th year of the Showa era) that this matter was resolved. Japan had begun military hostilities in China during 1931 and was gearing-up for a more serious and widespread confrontation with China. To assist this process the Japanese government had been propagating extensive anti-China propaganda and informing the Japanese people not to associate themselves in anyway with Chinese culture. It did not take long for this negative attitude to infiltrate Okinawa and influence the martial arts community. In the Okinawan city of Naha, a symposium of many of the country’s leading martial artists was held to decide upon a distinctly ‘Japanese’ cultural expression for their respective martial arts. All the ‘Kara-Te’ Masters discussed this matter and unanimously decided to change the name of their martial art from ‘唐手’(Tang Shou – Kara Te) to ‘空手’ (Kong Shou – Kara-Te) - with each ‘denying’ or ‘rejecting’ any historical or cultural link with China! Despite Japan losing the Pacific War (1941-1945) it had started with the US, and the Second Sino-Japanese (1937-1945) it had started with China (Japan actually began hostilities in Manchuria during 1931) - the situation regarding ‘Kara-Te’ did not change. Indeed, the post-1945 US government facilitated the spread of ‘Kara-Te’ around the world as a means to eradicate and obscure all Chinese martial cultural influences throughout the West! Despite Japanese Imperialism killing millions throughout Asia during the 1930s and 1940s – the racially motivated change of ‘Chinese Hand’ to ‘Empty Hand’ was allowed to hold fast despite making no historical or logical sense whatsoever! This is even true amongst reasonably intelligent Westerners who would otherwise protest about any form of racism should they encounter it! Indeed, Okinawan people should throw-off the cloak of Japanese and US oppression and reclaim their martial arts as being ‘Chinese Hand’ - whilst remaining proud of this fact!  ​
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Ironically, this Medal Reads '中国空手道协会' or 'China Empty Hand Way Association'!
Chinese Language Source: 
https://www.163.com/dy/article/CU71J3RP052597OI.html ​
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1900 The Great Boxer Uprising and China’s Subsequent Darkest Moment as Experienced Through Western Eyes

11/30/2021

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The Era of 'Unequal Treaties@!
Translator’s Note: The following article is collected from Western and Japanese accounts of the Boxer Uprising (1898-1901) - still referred to in the West by the racist epithet the ‘Boxer Rebellion’ (the US-controlled ‘Wikipedia’ still follows this racist convention). The ‘Boxers’ were comprised of a popular folk movement that spanned North China – but which also had Southern Chinese sympathies. It was a popular ‘anti-foreign’ movement premised upon a highly spiritualised Chinese martial arts movement which immediately empowered its adherence with martial abilities – rather than relying on the more traditional years of practice to become efficient. As a spiritual movement it was anti-Christian – and as a physical movement it was anti-imperialist. The aggressive missionaries of the Christian Churches were demolishing Buddhist and Daoist temples and building Churches on their ruins. These Christians were then buying all the rice in the area and only giving it out to those Chinese who ‘converted’ to Christianity! This policy continued despite it causing widespread famine throughout the Christian dominated areas. Wherever the local people rose-up to stop this Christian invasion – the Western Authorities would unleash their military on the Chinese population in support of the missionaries. These ‘Righteous Harmonious Boxers (義和拳 - Yi He Quan) flocked to the anti-imperialist banner in their tens of thousands and in the early days of the uprising – inflicted serious defeats upon the Western and Japanese forces! When they were finally defeated, the Western Authorities (and their Christian missionaries) insisted that tens of thousands of men who joined the Boxer movement – or who were suspected of joining the Boxer movement – were publicly ‘beheaded’ whilst these executions were viewed by attending Western and Japanese audiences as a form of cultural entertainment! Many of these executions were photographed at the insistence of the Western Witnesses – with many such pictures subsequently hung in local Churches as a warning to the Chinese population about what will happen if they resist the spread of Christianity in China! Contrary to the hideously racist 1963 Hollywood film ‘55 Days in Peking’ - it was the Czarist Russians who led the eight allied nations in the rape and pillage of China. During the US contrived Cold War, however, the Soviet Union was ‘written-out’ of history and the British and Americans falsely portrayed as the main protagonists. In fact, the British only possessed a small number of soldiers who were mostly ‘Indian’, and not the ‘White’ soldiers portrayed in the film. As the White British officers did not ‘trust’ their Indian soldiers, they kept ‘stopping’ on the advance into Beijing and ordering their men to be arbitrarily ‘drilled’ as a means to ensure their continued compliance with the raping and killing of another ‘non-White’ people! Despite this misrepresentation, all the allied troops committed tremendous destruction of people and property in China! After the Qing Authorities surrendered in 1900 – the allied forces killed an estimated 50,000 innocent Chinese men, women and children in and around the Beijing area! The rape of women and girls was also extended to include men and boys! After committing these atrocities and robbing the Chinese of all valuables – the Western and Japanese allies then had the nerve to accuse the Chinese people of ‘War Crimes’! ACW (30.11.2021) 
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After the Appropriate Qigong Ritual - Many Boxers Reported 'Invincibility' Against Western Bullets and Bombs!
The 37th year of the traditional lunar calendar of China (in the continuously repeating-cycle of 60-years of earthly branches and divine-sky stems) is termed ‘Gengzhi’ (庚子) and typically represents the year of the rat. Within traditional Chinese astrological thinking, this year is associated with disaster and calamity. In 1840, the year of Gengzi, Great Britain launched the First Opium War and the process of China beginning to lose its status as an independent, sovereign nation began. In 1900, the year of the Geng Zi, the Eight-Power Allied Forces launched a war of aggression against China, and the Chinese nation fell into a situation where it was at the mercy of others following the defeat of the Chinese Imperial Army and the volunteer ‘Boxer’ Armies of spiritually empowered peasantry. At this darkest hour, the curtain was mercilessly brought-down on the era of Classical China, with the blood of the setting sun soaking the city of Beijing. Many Westerners at the time saw all this with their own eyes. After a murderous outpouring of arrogance, ecstasy, and pity, these historically altering emotions finally returned to the normality of rational thinking. Although China is both ‘liberated’ and fully restored to its rightful ‘sovereign’ status, the history books of these terrible times can be accessed afresh, and the Western eye-witness accounts objectively and critically examined.  ​
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Proud Group of 'Righteous Harmonious' Adherents - Termed 'Boxers' in the West!
The commander-in-chief of the Eight-Power Allied Forces - the German Field Marshal Alfred von Waldersee - said at the beginning of the ‘Discussion on the Partition of China" in "The Notes on the Boxers’: (A ‘Boxer’ is a peasant volunteer member of the ‘义和团’ [YiHeTuan] - ‘Righteous Harmonious Regiment’ empowered by folk martial arts). “In terms of the weakness of the military equipment, the exhaustion of financial resources, and the chaos of the political situation, it is a rare once in a thousand years opportunity for the implementation of the division of China." (Note: "Waldersee's Boxer Rebellion Notes" section is translated from "Waldersee's Memoirs", Wang Guangqi (王光祈) Translated, published by Zhonghua Book Company in 1928.) ​
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A Youth is Inspired by the God of War and Joins the 'Boxers' Against Western Oppression!
On May 31st, 1900, the Eight-Power Allied Forces sent troops into Beijing "On the afternoon of May 28th, the diplomatic mission held a meeting again, decided to request troops to be sent to Beijing, and informed the Prime Minister's office." "On May 29th, when the mission asked the Prime Minister's Personal Secretary to allow troops to guard the embassy, it was rejected. They said that allowing foreign troops to enter Beijing would damage the reputation of the imperial court and the divine kingdom and anger the people. Later they gave in." "On May 31st, the first batch of coalition forces drove from Tianjin to Beijing by forcibly requisitioned trains." "The strange thing is that Dong Fuxiang's (董福祥) Muslim soldiers retreated from the station when they saw the train on the city wall of Beijing. The train arrived at 8 o'clock in the evening. When arriving at Yutingmen, the city gate opened and 337 coalition officers and soldiers successfully reached the embassy area. Three days later, another group including 52 German sailors and 37 Austrian sailors moved into Beijing without hindrance. At this time, the embassy area had a total of 426 soldiers." ([Italian] Adriano Madaro, "Beijing in 1900", based on the diary of the Marquis Giuseppe Salvago Laghi, Italian Minister Plenipotentiary to China from 1899 to 1901, Translated by Xiang Jiagu (项佳谷), published by Oriental Publishing House in 2006.) "The ministers demanded that the Marine Corps be sent to defend the embassy." "On May 29th, the Marine Corps composed of 72 sailors sent from the six ships reached Beijing on the 31st." "The soldiers predicted that they would take Beijing soon, and said that if they receive an order, they will go to conquer Manchuria and the whole of China.” ([Russian] "New Frontier" reporter Dmitry Yancivitsky "The Eyewitnesses of the Eight-Power Allied Forces", the book was originally titled " Inside and Outside the Stagnant Chinese City Wall" is a battlefield diary, translated by Xu Chongxin (许崇信) and others, published by Fujian People's Publishing House in 1983.)  ​
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Western Soldiers on the Offensive!
On June 10th, 1900, the Eight-Power Allied Forces invaded Beijing for the first time "On June 1st, the commander of the British Far East Fleet, Sir Edward Seymour, called from Dagu, the British Minister to China, Sir Claude Dunal, and assured him that the commander has 17 warships under his command and his military power will not be reduced by the year 1860." "On June 4th, the ministers of all countries unanimously requested the governments of all countries to order the warships moored in Dagu to take action." "On June 10th, 2129 officers and soldiers of the Eight-Nation Coalition set off from Tianjin Station. The coalition commander was Seymour. He once served in the British-French coalition as a junior navy officer. This unit had occupied Dagu and invaded 40 years ago. After passing through the city of Beijing, they razed the Old Summer Palace to the ground. Therefore, it can be said that he is a veteran of dealing with China." ([Italian] Madarao "Beijing in 1900") "A total of three trains departed this day, carrying 915 British, 450 Germans, 313 Russians, 158 French, 100 Americans, 52 Japanese, 40 Italians and 25 Austrians. This support army is led by Seymour." "The support army set off very hastily. The marines did not bring any luggage, but only two or three days of food, each of which was given 200 to 250 bullets." "June 11th. The fourth additional train was dispatched today. The second team of 212 Russian sailors departed. At the Zailuo station, they caught up with the Seymour troops." "I got news today that Seymour and his reinforcements didn’t even finish half of the journey, and it took a lot of effort to reach the Luofa station. The railway was destroyed everywhere, and the station was burned. The closer you get to Beijing, the more damaged the road." "June 12th. While building the road, the coalition forces moved forward slowly and finally arrived at Langfang Station." "June 14th. The troops arrived three and a half miles from Langfang Station. From then on, the railway was completely destroyed. There were no traces of the rails and sleepers. They were all pried out, burned or thrown away. The railway embankment where you can see has become a road." "June 15th. Luofa Station was surrounded by numerous regiments." "On June 16th. Seymour led the British Marines to retreat to Luofa. The other coalition forces stayed in Langfang." "June 17th. For the first time from Beijing, there was a Chinese official army carrying large and small flags. The one who appeared near Langfang was probably the forward of the troops led by Admiral Dong Fuxiang."  
​
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Tens of Thousands of Young Peasant Men Were Rounded-up and 'Beheaded' at the Orders of the Western Opressors!
On June 18th-28th, 1900, the Eight-Power Allied Forces were defeated and returned to Tianjin "On June 18th. The Seymour Expeditionary Army fought a tough battle with the Chinese officers for the first time. At 11 noon, the battle began. At 1 noon, the battle ended. The Russian 12th Regiment suffered the heaviest loss." "Seymour summoned the commanders of various countries and announced to them the decision to withdraw, because this is the only wise decision under the current conditions." "That night, the coalition forces began to retreat." "June 19th. The coalition forces continued their general retreat along the railway line. The closer they were to Tianjin, the more damaged the road was. It was impossible to retreat from the railway. So, they had to abandon the train, carry the wounded members, and retreat on foot. Everyone. Unanimously, it is impossible to walk with the Wounded, so he must retreat from the White River by barge." "June 21st. The Boxers followed the landing team in droves, not afraid of foreign guns or foreign cannon. The canned food was quickly eaten up, so they had to eat whatever God gave them: like the thrown rice, Pigs, calves and other animals that can be caught running around." "June 22nd. This is a very difficult day. The food is going to be eaten, and horses and mules are destined to be slaughtered and eaten." "June 23rd. The Marine Corps had to drop the barge, carry the wounded soldiers, and retreat to Tianjin under the cover of the nearest groves and mounds. The Chinese army that had previously chased the Marine Corps and the Chinese army that had retreated from Tianjin together, fired fiercely at the approaching Marines. The Marines’ situation is extremely critical." "June 24th. I received a letter from Seymour in Tianjin saying that he was surrounded by Chinese in the Xigu Arsenal three miles away from Tianjin. The letter was sent by a Chinese Christian." "Rescue troops ( 2000 people) set off at night and was led by the Chinese who led Seymour. The next day, they met at nine o'clock in the morning." "June 25th. The coalition has been transporting wounded soldiers all day and sending them to the opposite side of Baihe." "At three o'clock on the night of June 26th. The joint force returned to Tianjin smoothly. The Russian army lined up in front of the barracks shouting "Ula", welcoming the brave Seymour Expeditionary Army and his sad army carrying 238 wounded soldiers. Long stretcher team." ([Russian] Jancivitsky "The Eyewitnesses of the Eight-Power Allied Forces") "On July 1st. In Beijing, no one heard about the Seymour expedition. However, European newspapers published reports about Seymour, including his expedition diary, which recorded the number of casualties: dead 62 people injured 228 people.” ([Italian] Madara, "Beijing in 1900")  ​
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Western Technology Verses Chinese Martial Fighting Spirit!
On June 17th, 1900, the Eight-Power Allied Forces invaded and occupied the Dagu Fort "The four forts in Dagu extend three versts from south to north along the coastline. The forts are equipped with a powerful battery of 240 guns of different models and calibres, 54 of which are Armstrong's latest cannons." "At the last morning joint meeting on June 16, the admirals of the navy decided to submit an ultimatum to Zhili Governor Yulu and Dagu Fortress Admiral Luo Rongguang, requesting the fort to be handed over before 2 a.m. by the Chinese army. If the fort is not evacuated by then, the coalition forces will be forced to use force to capture." "The ultimatum will be handed over to Luoshoutai by the torpedo captain, Lieutenant Bach Metyev. At the same time, Navy Warrant Officer Shramchenko will be sent to Tianjin to deliver the ultimatum to Governor Yulu." "Taiwan Admiral Luo Rongguang received a telegram: No matter what happens, the Dagu Fort shall not be handed over to foreigners." "At one o'clock in the morning on the 17th, there was a flash of fire on the new turrets. There was a roar of artillery, and the shells rumbled over the 'Kiriyak'. The fire from the various turrets burst out. One round of shells continued to pass over the warship." "A boiler on the British warship "Battle" was destroyed by a Chinese five-inch shell." "Seventeen grenades fell on the German warship 'Iltis' and all of the upper deck of the ship was destroyed. Captain Landz was hit by 25 shrapnel and wood chips. He was seriously injured and saw off one leg. This was the first time that the Germans personally tasted the excellent effects of German grenades fired from Krupp cannons. A German officer and 7 soldiers were killed and 17 were injured." "A grenade exploded on the French warship "Leon" and caused a fire. One person on the ship was killed and 46 others were injured." "A Chinese grenade hit the Russian warship  'Kiriyak' ammunition depot and caused an explosion. A total of 8 people were killed and 48 people were injured on the ship." "At three o'clock in the morning, the first Chinese shell hit the hull of the Russian warship 'Korean.' The restaurant above the shell magazine burned. 2 officers, 9 sailors and 20 were injured on the ship." "At 3:30 in the morning, given that the gunboats did not cause any damage to the battery, and also expected that it would not be possible to take the Northwest Battery as an offensive target, the (Marine Corps) commanders decided to retreat." "The Chinese noticed that the Marines were heading for the fort, and they immediately fired at them with guns." "Fight against their own unshakable Japanese feud with fierce gunfire. The Japanese commander Hattori Sasa ran to the gate just a few steps away, was suddenly shot dead and fell down." "At 5:30 in the morning, when the coalition forces saw the British flag on the northwest fort, the cheers of 'Ula' resounded through all the warships like thunder." "After the Marines occupied the northwest fort, they rushed to attack the north fort. The Chinese were in a mess, abandoning the fort and fleeing. The fort was immediately occupied by the coalition forces." "At six o'clock in the morning, all the warships pulled their anchors and set sail down the river in order to bombard the South Fort and the New Fort." "At 6:30 in the morning, the Russian flag was placed on the South Fort, the German and Austrian flags were placed on the New Fort, the Japanese flag was placed on the North Fort, and the British and Italian flags were placed on the Northwest Fort." "Luo Shoutai (罗守台) tried his best to defend the fort entrusted to him. Near the cannons of all the captured forts, brave defenders with broken hands, feet, and heads were found. Chinese infantry and artillery were lying everywhere along the parapet." "Luo Shoutai saw that he was powerless, and at the same time he was unwilling to leave the fortress entrusted to him alive, and according to the duties of the Chinese military attache, he died in pain after swallowing gold." ([Russian] Jancivitsky "The Eyewitnesses of the Eight-Power Allied Forces") ​
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Professional Martial Artists Were Given the Job Of 'Beheading' the Boxers!
On June 19th, 1900, the Qing government decided to declare war "June 19. The news of the occupation of the Dagu Fort angered the Qing court. After a heatedly debated meeting, the Prime Minister’s Yamen was ordered to submit an ultimatum to the ministers of various countries in China. This is very shocking. No one in the embassy area expected this, and no one knew that Tianjin was besieged and Dagu Fort was occupied." "In the afternoon, 12 large red envelopes were delivered by the Prime Minister’s national affairs office to the ministers of the 11 countries and Sir Robert Hurd, the General Taxation Department of the Imperial Customs. The letter is an ultimatum. The 12 letters clearly marked the time limit: 4 pm. At the same time the next day, the embassy staff must be evacuated, and all their guests will be evacuated to Tianjin. The ultimatum is succinctly written, mentioning the coalition’s ultimatum and the occupation of the fort: ‘I was surprised to learn that the fort was occupied. This is actually a deliberate destruction of peace by Western countries and is an enemy of China’s Qing Dynasty. The Boxers disturbed the capital, The people are in turmoil. Your Excellencies, your family, and the embassy are in dire straits. The Qing court is in a difficult situation and it is difficult to provide effective protection. In view of this, this Prime Minister’s Personal Secretary hereby invites you to leave Beijing as soon as possible and be escorted by the embassy guard to Tianjin to avoid disasters. The embassy guard must be effectively restrained. ’Everything must be carried out under the escort of court guards." "The ministers of various countries held an emergency meeting in the Spanish embassy because the Spanish minister Ge Luogan is the head of the mission. Everyone's first reaction was to condemn the stupid actions of the soldiers. The decision to submit an ultimatum to the Chinese government should be made by diplomats, not soldiers. "The proposal of the Marquis of Raj was adopted, and it was considered the most appropriate plan. ‘The meeting decided to give the following reply based on my suggestion: Once Commander Seymour arrives in Beijing, we will immediately withdraw. If the court provides convenience, they can arrive at the capital within two days. The reply also stated that it was difficult to evacuate within 24 hours due to the inability to find enough means of transportation. With the insistence of the French Minister, the requirements of the Dagu Fort were extremely difficult to understand. "" "This is the testimony of the Italian Minister-it has never been mentioned by historians who have studied the Boxer Movement and the embassy besieged. "([Italian] Madara "Beijing in 1900") ​
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Brave 'Boxers' Await Their Fate!
"From June 16th, the Empress Dowager Cixi (慈禧) held an imperial meeting for four consecutive days. At 3 o'clock in the afternoon on the 19th, Cixi unexpectedly decided to declare war on all countries. "" Yun Yuding (恽毓鼎), who participated in the Imperial Conference, recorded the decision at that time in the "Chongling [崇陵] Biography": The Queen Mother declared: ‘Four notes for foreigners: 1. Specify a place for the emperor of China to live; 2. Collect money on his behalf, 3. Collect food on his behalf; and 4. Control the world's military power on his behalf. “Today’s provocation is open to others, and the country is dead at the present time. If I give it up, I will die without a face. Wait for death, and die in a war, nothing is heavier!” A number of ministers present were not keen to follow her instructions but the Empress Dowager Cixi added: “I have no choice but to declare war on the Western aggressors as they are destroying the country and killing the people!” “It was said that the Empress Dowager Cixi represented three-hundred years of eminent ancestry and was of the opinion that her personal history grants her the power to make such heavy decisions. She said that no single person was to blame for the current situation and that she would work hard to rectify the situation.” ([中] Jin Chong []金冲] and "The Outline of Chinese History in the 20th Century") "Over the next night and day, the Boxer's announcement was posted on the city wall: "Divine Spirit Empowers the Boxers! The Foreign Devils are Navigating the Central Plains; Teach these Barbarians a Lesson! Be Confident! When They Disrespect the Buddhas and Gods They Forget Their Own Ancestors." The Boxers attacked the foreigners, destroyed their railways and over-ran their legations! Joining with the Chinese Imperial Army great defeats were inflicted upon the foreigners! The Boxers practiced a spiritualised martial art that empowered the peasantry and enabled them to confront the advanced and highly dangerous war technology of the foreigners. The Boxers, although xenophobic and patriotic, they were highly effective as a fighting force. "The announcement was exciting and powerful, reminding people of the majesty of the Chinese Empire, which was lost in the last hundred years of the Qing Dynasty. "([Italian] Madara "Beijing in 1900") "On June 21st, four days after Dagu conquered, Beijing issued a decree: ‘The ancestors support the descendants, just as the Divine-Essence permeates reality. Everyone is loyal and indignant, as nothing in the past justifies the present. Within all the temples our cries are heard, and Masters take Disciples and teach them the ancient secrets! United as one people, we can confront this menace! If we are daring, the enemy can be defeated! I have summoned ministers and workers for several days to enquire about the same. From the provinces of Jinji and Shandong the loyal volunteers have been streaming in in their tens of thousands! Indeed, in one day over a hundred thousand of ‘Boxers’ spontaneously gathered! Even male youths are presenting themselves to defend the realm! The Boxers fights fraud and conspiracy, The Boxers relies upon their own inner strength, and upon a pure heart and mind! For the Boxer - ‘loyalty’ to the realm serves as the only ‘armour’ they carry! This secret martial system is entered through ritual, righteousness and a ‘mark’ made upon a sacred scroll. Once so empowered, these divine-soldiers are willing to expose themselves to every danger without fear, and to die in their multitudes for the well-being and survival of the realm! As there are over four-hundred million people living throughout China, this nation possesses the strength to confront the enemy until final victory! This resistance burns brightly like a fiercely bright flame!” The decree concluded: “All those who have made meritorious service in combat and those who donate military pay, all will be rewarded separately." ([Russian] Jancivitsky "The Eight Kingdoms Sightings of the Allied Forces) 
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A 'Tall' Boxer Turns-Up to be Executed 'Unconcerned'...
The mystery of the shooting of the German minister – who was killed on June 20th, 1900. "On June 13th, a Boxer personally appeared in the embassy area in a carriage. He showed off his broadsword and arrogantly wiped it on his leather boots. The German minister, Baron von Klind, walked over and attacked him with his cane. The Boxer escaped, but there was a 13-year-old boy on the carriage. Klind beat the boy severely and dragged the boy covered in blood into the German embassy and imprisoned him. This incident angered the Boxers, and they poured into the capital (at night) through the ‘Gate of Manifest Virtue’! Fires blazed everywhere in Beijing... There is the shout of ‘kill!’ everywhere. kill!" "On June 16th, in London, the local newspapers (Note: relaying the headline taken from the English-owned "North China Daily News") published the shocking news: German Minister Baron Klind has been killed by the Boxers! The European and American governments were panicked. The strange thing is that this news was not True, Baron Klind was still alive at the time. He was killed, but that was four days later." "On June 17th, news of the destruction of the embassy and the killing of Klind was published in the international press."  "On the morning of June 20th, the ministers of various countries met at 8 o'clock in the morning. At the meeting, it was decided to ask the Manchu and Qing government to contact the military commanders of various countries in Tianjin. Undoubtedly, they wanted to return the Dagu Fort to China in exchange for the Manchu Qing government to agree to the envoys of various countries to stay in Beijing, waiting for the arrival of the Seymour Expeditionary Army. ...But the German minister, as usual, did not want to sing the same tune as everyone else. The meeting ended in vain, and everyone returned to their embassy to wait for news. After the meeting, Klind changed his mind, or he never wanted to send his translator (the Chinese secretary of the embassy - Ke Shida [柯士达]) to inquire about the news alone, and so he ordered two sedan chairs, one for him and one for Ke Shida, and headed to the Prime Minister's Office. Two uniformed attendants rode out in front of him. "([Italian] Madara "Beijing in 1900") The first (eye-witness) account is the Ke Shida narrative. When the sedan-chair traversed the main street heading toward the Gate of Manifest Virtue – it gently collided with a cart carrying Manchu Cavalry as it turned-out of a West-facing side-street (after these troops had delivered a number of culprits to the nearby house of arrest). Then, a high-ranking ‘Chinese’ soldier standing nearby and dressed in a formal military uniform fastened with big buttons, (and wearing a Han nationality hat decorated with blue-feathers), raised the gun he was carrying and aimed at the Western occupant of the sedan-chair. As he was less than one meter from the window of the sedan-chair, he easily shot the (German) minister in the head. The men carrying the chair immediately dropped their load and fled for safety – whilst the body of the now dead German minister was lying sprawled half in and half out of the chair. He appeared to have been killed instantly by the single shot. The second version is from the Diary of Beijingers. A German newspaper published in Shanghai published the Diary of a Beijinger on August 3rd. Klind and his guards were on their way to the Prime Minister’s Office to meet his Personal Secretary. Near the Belgian Embassy, one of his attendants had a pistol which fired by accident. The European soldiers in the embassy believed that the gun was fired from the Chinese army next to them, so they fired. The Chinese shot back, and Klind was shot and killed in the exchange.  The third version is in the form of a note written by the Prime Minister's office. According to the note, the two Germans rode in the sedan chair and shot passers-by near the Personal Secretary, so the Chinese group returned fire and killed one of them.  The fourth version is that this event was an organized and premeditated murder. One thing is still inexplicable. Why did the British newspaper report the killing of Klind four days before it happened? One possibility is that the article was fabricated out of nothing and should not have been published at all; There is also a possibility that this news was sent back secretly from Beijing via telegram very early (as the murder was pre-planned), and it was prepared to report the news on a certain (future) day, but was published too early by mistake. Some people think that Klind should have been killed in the conflict between the 14th-16th. The killing of Klind coincided with the plan of the great powers to divide China, whilst China was already on the brink of collapse. "On the last day of 1900, En Hai (恩海), the Qing soldier who killed Klind, was executed. He confessed to the facts of his crime. At the time of the execution, the German generals Trotta, Lesser and many German officers and soldiers were present. When the judge read the death sentence, En Hai laughed and said to the crowd watching: ‘I’m worthy of death! His head, this creepy trophy was sent to Germany." ([Italian] Madarao "Beijing in 1900") "At 9 o'clock on June 27th, the coalition forces attacked the Tianjin East Manufacturing Bureau which fell at 1:30 pm. The coalition forces killed 11 soldiers and wounded 75 people." "Our spoils are worth more than 10 million rubbles, and there are countless inside. A large arsenal of shells, bullets, gunpowder and various workshops." "In the entire Zhili war, this is our best trophy." "July 14th. Tianjin fell. The Eight-Power Allied Forces amounted to more than 10,000, the Qing Army defended with about 15,000, and the Boxer Regiment 20,000 to 30,000." "The coalition had 882 casualties, including 38 officers." "There are traces of European shelling everywhere. The houses of Chinese civilians were pierced by circular shells, and the roofs and walls were all pierced. Along the way, I encountered people killed by shell fragments and bullets. The corpses of the Chinese poor. No one came to collect the corpses, only flies, dogs and pigs came to patronize them." "Now, brutal and insatiable robbery has begun in the city. This is not surprising. Not only are the houses and properties abandoned by Chinese businessmen, officials and other citizens who rushed to escape, but even the houses where the owners still live! There are no human rights granted to the subhuman Chinese. There is a strange medieval view that everything can be done to the Chinese. They are treated as lowly beasts, yes, and they should be abused, ravaged, and even allowed to be Killed with impunity." "On July 18th, the Eight-Power Allied Forces established the Tianjin Provisional-Tianjin Metropolitan Government Office. The Metropolitan Government Office has the right to issue necessary decrees, organise police power, and inflict judicial power." "It existed for two full years, until 1902. Not revoked until the summer of that year." ([Russian] Jancivitsky "Eight-Power Allied Forces Witnesses") On August 3rd, 1900, the Eight-Power Allied Forces invaded Beijing again "After the failed expedition of Seymour’s troops to Beijing, the military leaders in Tianjin gathered 25,000 people in Dagu at the end of July. They divided the large number of coalition forces into two columns and marched towards Beijing at the same time: Japanese, British, and American troops. On the right bank of the North River, Russian, French, German, and Italian troops marched into Beijing along the left bank of the North River.” ([Italian] Madaro "Beijing in 1900") 
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Imperialist Westerners Initiate 'Unequal Treaties' Premised Upon Their Own Criminality!
On August 3, the Russian army, in coordination with the coalition forces of various countries, set off in the direction of the Chinese military position at Beicang, taking the first step towards Beijing. On the 4th, Beicang fell. 15,000 coalition forces attacked Beicang, including 6,500 Japanese soldiers. The occupation of Beicang was mainly attributed to the Japanese soldiers. The Japanese army launched an early attack at night and broke into the centre of the position using hand-to-hand combat. One Japanese officer was killed, 41 soldiers were killed, 8 people were missing, 12 officers were wounded, whilst 234 Chinese soldiers were killed. On the 5th, Yangcun fell. Since the coalition forces captured Yangcun, a water, land, and railway hub has been established between Tianjin, Tongzhou, and Beijing. From the evening of the 5th to the morning of the 7th, the coalition forces rested. The military conference decided: "Tracking and pursuing the Chinese soldiers, and denying them the possibility of gathering forces for a counter-attack." On the 7th, 13,500 coalition forces continued to march towards Beijing. And made camp in Nancai Village. "They eat delicious, nutritious cans and drink water from many wells along the road. The water is not yet causing diseases whilst fatigue, and heat stroke have not yet occurred. All officers are healthy." "The road we are walking is the same road that the British and French forces led by General Grant and General Montauban took 40 years ago in early September 1860." On the 8th, we arrived in Xiwu Village, only 50 miles from Beijing. On the 9th, we camped in Matou Village. On the 10th, Zhangjiawan was only 40 miles away from Beijing. On the 11th, we occupied Tongzhou. There are only 20 miles from Beijing. "There is no counterattack everywhere. All the local forces and officials have all escaped." "Most of the residents, about no less than 100,000, still stay in the city. They stay behind closed doors in their homes or small shops." On this day, Major General Vasilevsky, Chief of Staff of the Russian Command, personally surveyed the only way to Beijing. At four o'clock in the afternoon, "the reconnaissance team passed the famous Bali Bridge. In the summer of 1860, 40,000 Chinese troops were defeated by 600 French troops and British artillery and fled." "Many Chinese were sitting on the grass beside the road. Under the shed, drinking tea and chatting, watching the full moon. Moonlight is spreading like silver hairs over their villages, surrounded by fresh cornfields and neat poplar trees. To them, it seems that there is no war, and there is no such thing as what has come. These 13,000 enemy troops." From 12th to 13th, the coalition rested. 1:40 am on the 14th. After the Russian army killed 61 guarding Chinese troops, "General Vasilevsky immediately ordered two guns to be deployed and placed fifteen steps away in front of the city gate." "General Vasilevsky ordered an attack on the city gate (East Gate). This is the first Russian attack on Beijing." At two o'clock in the night, the city gate was breached. General Vasilevsky entered the city gate boldly. "The gate of Beijing collapsed under Russian artillery fire. The Chinese sentries abandoned the arrow tower on the gate, and the Russian flag was raised on it. This is a sign of victory and reconciliation. This is the first city wall in Imperial Beijing. Flags flying above." "Never an enemy shell has ever damaged the castle of Beijing.... In 1900, Russian shells hit the gates of Beijing for the first time. I hope this will be the last time.... This time is also like this. Just like 40 years ago, the Chinese emperor, empress dowager, court officials, princes, ministers of military and machinery, and all officials hurriedly fled from Beijing overnight, and then the residents of the city also fled. China who fought in vain to defend the capital – its defeated army has retreated through the West Gate of Beijing day and night, fleeing westward one unit after another." At ten o'clock in the morning, the Japanese army broke through the Qihua Gate. At eleven, American troops entered the city. "The British soldiers were wiser. They drilled under the wall along the dry river, and entered the outer city of Beijing at one o'clock in the afternoon. Then they passed through the empty city without fighting, and drilled under the inner-city wall and appeared in front of the British Embassy fortifications at 2 pm. The Indian soldiers were the first to clear the enemy positions and lift the siege.” At about two o'clock in the afternoon, the Qing soldiers surrendered and Beijing fell. The Russian army killed 28 people and injured 106 people. The Japanese army killed 30 people and injured 120 people. The U.S. Army wounded 20 people. Two Indian soldiers were injured in the embassy yard. ([Russian] Jancivitsky "Eight-Power Allied Forces Witnesses") 
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The 'Barbarous' Japanese Contribute to the 'Beheadings!
On August 15th, 1900, the Eight-Power Allied Forces invaded and occupied Beijing "Beijing fell into the hands of the Eight-Power Allied Forces. After experiencing the serious incident of the embassy and temple being besieged, it is impossible to hope that the foreign occupying forces will be benevolent. On August 15th, someone decided to humiliate the national pride of the Chinese people. It was the American General Schaeffer. He grew up in the western United States where he was hunting and killing Indians, so he had a harder heart. His goal was to conquer the Forbidden City and enter. He used cannon to blow up the strong gates of the Forbidden City.” ([意] Mada Luo "Beijing in 1900") "On August 15th, the Americans started shelling the palace in the imperial city, but due to the intervention of General Linevich and the envoy, the shelling soon stopped. There were nearly 20 casualties. On that day, the joint commander of the coalition forces and the envoy had a joint seat. At the meeting, a resolution was passed: No foreign troops can enter the palace. All the outer gates leading to the palace are guarded by international guards.” ([Russian] Jancivitsky "Eight-Power Allied Forces Witnesses") "The Qing imperial family has fled Beijing. The generals of the Eight-Power Allied Forces first divided the troops into four parts according to the most appropriate ratio, and then came to divide Beijing. The northern part of the inner city is all owned by the Japanese, and the Russians are divided into the southeast corner, and one point to the west. The French, a piece next to the British, and a little to the south for the Americans. The outer city is divided between the Americans and the British. The Americans set up their headquarters in Xiannongtan, and the British headquarters in Temple of Heaven. When the Germans arrived later, they were given the eastern part of the inner city, a large part of the western outer city, and other strategic locations. Italy was finally given a small part in the middle area, with their headquarters in the northwest corner.” ([Italian] Madaro "Beijing in 1900") The French newspaper at the time made this record: “A soldier who returned to China described: We were ordered to do whatever we wanted in the city for three days, kill and kill if we wanted, and take if we wanted, and we actually robbed it for eight days. The Christian priests acted as our guides.” “Allied forces. After the occupation of Beijing, the army was allowed to rob publicly for three days (August 16th to August 18th), followed by private looting. The material losses suffered by the residents of Beijing were very large, but the detailed numbers are no longer easy to investigate. Now, these countries blame one other for this robbery, but the fact that all countries have robbed together is well-known." "Therefore, the detailed numbers of China's damage and robbery will never be able to be found out, but the number must be extremely significant." ([Germany] Wadsey "Boxer Rebellion Notes") 
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A German Guard Prevents Relatives Claiming the Bodies of Executed Boxers!
"There is a saying in ancient China: 'The emperor humiliates his officials by ordering their deaths, that is, once the emperor suffers humiliation, his officials should be martyred. The emperor had to leave the capital due to foreign invasions. This is a sudden departure from Beijing. The officials who were loyal to the emperor could not bear such a shame. Such officials were not worthy to live, and no longer wanted to live. Therefore, on the night when Beijing was occupied, many ministers and generals served opium or swallowed gold. They died in pain. They also poisoned their wives, children and servants to prevent the family from surviving. Some threw women and children into the well and drowned them before committing suicide by themselves.” ([Russian] Jancivitsky "Eight Nations Allied Forces Witnesses") "In 1900, Beijing was ransacked by civilized coalition forces during a month of rampage. Because of the deep-rooted contempt for the Chinese by the alien forces and the lack of unified jurisdiction over the coalition forces of various countries, and despite the efforts of some commanders, however, no matter what, the looting of the imperial capital (and the atrocities against the residents) could not be stopped." "Half of the great capital of the emperor has been destroyed and burned, it has been ravaged so disgustingly, almost everything is dead. On both sides of the Embassy Street. There are piles of ruins, piles of stones, ashes, rubbish and dirt everywhere. The bodies of the Chinese are scattered on the road in heaps and as individuals." "The French soldiers burned the houses and shops around the Beitang. Charred corpses are exposed as piles of ruins, rubble and ashes. Chinese people who were shot and stabbed to death formed piles of corpses on the street. Not only Chinese soldiers were killed, but also innocent Chinese citizens. All Western forces perpetrated in this crime.” ([Russian] Jancivitsky "The Eyewitnesses of the Eight-Power Allied Forces") 
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A Westerner Soldier 'Poses' With a Captured Young Boxer...
"The trade here is extremely prosperous. Merchants from all over the world, especially those from the United States, have already come here to do business and reap huge profits. The most sold items are bronze, porcelain of various generations, and jade. Next are silk goods, embroidered goods, leather goods, copper bottles, red lacquer items, etc. As for gold and silver items, they are rare. The most regrettable thing is that many valuable objects have been destroyed, including priceless wood carvings." ([Germany] Wadsey "Boxer Rebellion Notes") The Italian minister, Marquis Laghi, wrote in his diary: "Beijing is occupied. The barbaric and cruel behaviour has begun.... I went there and saw children with their heads split and women stripped naked and murdered. Many raped first. I wish I could deny all of this, but I have to admit that it is all true." ([Italian] Madara, "Beijing in 1900") On August 28th, 1900, the Eight-Power Allied Forces Parade in the Forbidden City. "On August 19th, the generals and the diplomatic missions decided to occupy Beijing strategically. Everyone agreed that the Forbidden City should not be touched, but the Chinese must be given a strong warning. Therefore, a symbolic military parade must be held in the Forbidden City. And the parade is equivalent to a kind of spiritual occupation, and then the Forbidden City will be closed and guarded, waiting for the return of the royal family.” ([Italian] Madara "Beijing in 1900") "August 28th was exactly two weeks after the conquering of Beijing. On this memorable day, a historic event occurred in Beijing, China, which marked the fall of the Imperial Capital. On this day, the coalition forces held a grand parade through the palace." "At the preparatory meeting attended by the commanders of the coalition forces of various countries, it was decided to hold a military parade of all natiions: the leader was the Russian army that first invaded Beijing, followed by Japan, Britain, the United States, France, Germany, Italy, Austria, etc. All National Forces." "The number of troops is as follows: 800 Russian soldiers, 800 Japanese soldiers, 400 British soldiers, 400 Indian soldiers, 400 American soldiers, 200 French soldiers, 200 German soldiers, 60 Italian soldiers, and 60 Austrian soldiers. (Note: 2920 in total)” "Before 7:30 in the morning, the weather was exceptionally fine, and the troops gathered in the palace courtyard inside the Qian Qing Gate (of ‘Divine Purity’), the first gate of the imperial city." "All coalition forces of various countries are ready to be reviewed." "At 7:30, the commander of the Russian Army’s Zhili forces, Lieutenant General Linevich, accompanied the Russian minister Mr. Giles, Mr. Popov, the consul general, and a large number of attachés including headquarters officials, military reporters, embassy staff, and guards. Came to the assembly place under the white banner of the army commander." "Russian troops raised their guns and saluted. Our military band played a welcome song. General Linevich inspected the troops with the highest rank. After the general raised his hands to the Russian troops who warmly chanted their routine congratulations, the tour began. Allied forces of various countries. At this time, a magnificent and unusual scene was presented." "In the forbidden walls and towers of the imperial city where not only foreigners but even Chinese can approach, in the ancient stone-paved courtyards that no ordinary people have ever visited, there are now lined with foreign rifles and sabres, The eight-nation allied troops with flags, trumpeters and military bands. They greeted Russian generals with cheers and music. This is the respect of the first troops from all countries to break through into Beijing." "At eight o'clock in the morning, General Linevich finished the military parade. Then he took his entourage into the palace. Behind the entourage, Russian troops and troops from other countries followed in with military bands and flags." "The sound of a British salute announces the beginning of the parade." "This spectacular parade of coalition forces is a vivid manifestation of today’s political situation in Asia. At the forefront is the great and powerful Russia. After it is the young Japan, which has leaped over the eastern countries, and behind Japan the third country is the United Kingdom, which was once strong in Asia and has now retreated behind Russia and Japan, followed by the United States, France, and Germany, which has emerged from East Asia with its military policy, and the rest of the countries are behind them." "At nine o'clock in the morning, the military parade is over." "The sacredness and inviolability of the imperial palace in the past two hundred years has been destroyed, the secret has been revealed, and the Forbidden City is no longer the Forbidden City." ([Russian] Jancivitsky "Eight-Power Allied Forces Witnesses") "On the morning of August 28th, a solemn ceremony was held in front of the south gate of the Forbidden City. All the personnel of the diplomatic mission, the generals and officers of the eight-nation coalition forces, and the representatives of the soldiers of each unit held their respective signs and symbols, a total of 2,300 people. Soldiers participated in the ceremony. The parade passed through Tiananmen, Meridian Gate, Hall of Supreme Harmony, and then Deshengmen to the north. The parade was orderly, not long, and careful, but they also knew that this was a desecration of Chinese cultural identity. The Holy Land will never be the same again.” ([Italian] Madara, "Beijing in 1900") The Italian minister, Marquis Laghi, was present at the time. He recalled: “When we got to the north of the palace, we found some diplomats’ wives waiting there. They wanted to watch the parade of the troops and at least have a look at the palace. I don’t know who allowed them in. But the beloved wives were in front of the husbands who could not refuse...Some small treasures in the palace were undoubtedly lost, and at the same time, the dignity and the solemnity of the whole ceremony was lost.... But the regulations have been violated, and the door was later reopened. It has been opened several times...In the living room of an American lady's house in Beijing, I saw some very delicately carved jade objects, which many people admired... They were historical relics that were kept for centuries in the emperor's living room." ([Italian] Madarao "Beijing in 1900") 
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Many British Soldiers Were 'Indian' and Actively Participated in the Anti-Boxer Executions!
On September 7th, 1900, military parade in the Imperial Palace of the Russian Army. The Russian army camped in the imperial city: partly in the tents around Meishan, partly in the palace houses. The luxurious "Summer Palace" is guarded by several companies of our army. On September 6th, Vice Admiral Alekseyev, commander-in-chief of the Russian army, arrived in Beijing in a troika. This is the first Russian troika to drive into Beijing. On September 7th, General Alekseyev inspected the Russian troops camping in the imperial palace. All of our troops who have conquered Beijing bravely put on clean white shirts, beaming tanned faces, and saw their commander-in-chief with vigour. The commander-in-chief paid tribute to all the troops one by one as he inspected the entire army. Then, the Lieutenant General stood in the middle of the entire army and delivered a loud speech full of patriotism. The speech commended the brave, courageous and tenacious spirit of the Russian army and thanked them for their dedication in marching and conquering Beijing. And hail long live for the honour of His Majesty and the holy family. The 4,000 Russian soldiers of His Majesty the Tsar honoured His Majesty the Emperor of Russia: it was the first to occupy Beijing. Their enthusiastic cheers and national anthem resounded throughout the imperial garden and palace for a long time. General Linevich received cheers as the commander responsible for the successes in the two vast theatres from Beijing to Fengtian. A celebration was held at the end of the military parade. ([Russian] Jancivitsky "Eight-Power Allied Forces Witnesses") On December 27th, 1900, New Year's Day, 1901, the military parade at Tiananmen Square in Wade West. ​
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A Brave Boxer Awaits His Fate!
"On August 18th, 1900, the hostilities began on a larger scale. In Berlin, Germany publicly issued a speech when the Kaiser sent off the German Expeditionary Force: 'You should retaliate for unjust acts. The way of implication is mocking the sacredness of foreign envoys. If you encounter an enemy, don't be merciful and do not spare life. With the weapons in your hands, the Chinese will not dare to look at the Germans even after a thousand years. Let us open a permanent channel for civilization!'" ([Italian] Madarao "Beijing in 1900") On August 23rd, 1900, Wadsey led the German Expeditionary Force to China. "At 11:30 on September 21st, I arrived at Wusong Bay and was welcomed by the many warships moored there... In the French concession of Shanghai, the British General Creagh ordered the armies of various countries to gather and hold a grand event. Military salute... and the general asks Yu Shen (余深) to review the entire army the next day... If Yu goes to the military parade, he wears the Black Eagle Medal belt, and is master of the marshal’s command, followed by one of his majesty’s guards holding a handsome flag, and dozens of officers. There are also countless Indian cavalry with splendid costumes and brave appearances, and they disperse the crowded Chinese visiting. It is inevitable that there is a sense of stage acting. But Yu Shen knows that this kind of acting method is not for Asian residents. It should be there." ([Germany] Wadsey "Boxer Rebellion Notes")  ​
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Boxers at Their Peak of Spiritual and Physical Power!
"On September 25th, Wadesy landed (Tianjin)." "Wadesy established the highest headquarters in Tianjin, and then arrived in Beijing in mid-October to organize punitive crusades and occupation of Zhili Province. Germany. The emperor’s order is arbitrary and unquestionable: 'Let the Chinese never dare to look sideways at the Germans!'” ([Italian] Madarao's "Beijing in 1900") On October 9th, Vadsi wrote in his diary: “As for Asians, you can only exercise authority to move them. This belief will still be used as a guide for all future actions.” “Now Beijing, is cleaning up the former Winter Palace where the Chinese empress and emperor lived as the rest of the headquarters." On October 17th, Wadsey wrote in his diary: "I arrived in Beijing. Eleven minutes before noon, I took a horse to enter the gate of the southeast corner of Beijing. All the generals of the coalition troops stationed in Beijing are waiting there." When Yu Chu (余初) entered the first city gate, the German artillery team opened the Chinese cannon on the wall as a salute. The Japanese artillery team stood on the marble bridge outside the palace to pay tribute to Yu - when Yu entered the Winter Palace. The journey will take more than one hour. There are troops standing by the side along the way. All Europeans staying in Beijing are not present; that is, there are many Chinese people who come to see this drama. The rest of the journey enters the winter. The palace first passes through a bridge above the lotus pond (Beihai, Zhonghai). According to this route, it is especially pre-selected, so the formerly Europeans were not allowed to cross the bridge, so it is." ([德] Wadsey "Boxer Rebellion Notes") "On December 27th, Vardesi parade in front of Tiananmen Square." "Vardesi wears winter clothes, riding a high horse, posing for a photo with two German guards in front of Tiananmen Square." ([Italian] Madara" Beijing in 1900)) 
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There Where Boxer Regiments of 'Liberated' Women!
Today (New Year's Day in 1901) is the military parade of the British garrison, most of which is composed of Indian soldiers. Indian custom often celebrates the Queen’s birthday on this day. The (British) General Gaselee, on behalf of the (British) Queen’s grandson, went to hold a military parade, commanded the Union Jack raised during the salute, and chanted long live the Queen. It's something that has never happened since ancient times! It's really a lot of experience here. Under the command of a Prussian marshal, the British and Indian troops saluted and shouted Hep hep Hurrah! I dare not forget to thank the Queen. The military parade was excellent. During the period, the style of the military uniform and the flesh colour of the soldiers actually showed a resplendent image, with spectacle only visible in the Eastern Kingdom. The ride is on beautiful brown horse. "([Germany] Wadsey "Boxer Rebellion Notes") "On June 5th, Vardesi left China. To be sure, he left an unforgettable mark in 9 months. The newspaper wrote: China was calmed down. On July 29th, the Forbidden City was destroyed. Returned to the Chinese authorities." ([Italian] Madara, "Beijing in 1900") ​
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A Brave Boxer Changes Existential Dimension...
On September 7th, 1901, the "Xin Chou [辛丑] Treaty" was formally signed "For this expedition, the emperor has the greatest hope for the development of our East Asian business. The emperor has also made Yu remember: to demand China's compensation to the highest limit, and must thoroughly implement the proposition. Because the emperor urgently needs this money to produce Battleships, so it is. Later I learned more that the emperor wanted to expand our rights in Shandong. In order to achieve this project, I hope to put it on Yantai." ([Germany] Wadesi "Bpxer Rebellion Notes") "On October 26th, 1900, the peace negotiations began. Li Hongzhang (李鸿章) was sitting next to Prince Qing (庆)." "Because Spanish Ambassador Ge Luogan was the head of the mission, the negotiations were held at the Spanish Embassy. The meeting was very lengthy and exhausting, everyone. Not wanting to lose face, but the Chinese must pay a high price for peace." ([Italian] Madarao "Beijing in 1900") ​
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Brave Boxers Under Arrest!
"On December 22nd, 1900, when the great powers proposed the outline of the peace talks, the Qing government in exile in Xi'an immediately issued a shining edict, announcing that the government's future foreign policy was to 'Preserve China's material resources and unite with the country's love', and brazenly added: 'To discuss the agreement today, not to compromise our sovereignty, not to cede our land, to recite the forgiveness of the nations for the ignorance of the violent protests. Thinking after the fact. A mixture of regret and indignation.'" ([中] Jin Chong and "Twentieth Century China" History Compendium) On January 3rd, 1901, "Mr. Yu and (German envoy) Mumm had a long talk about the amount of indemnity that China can pay. The ministers of various countries said that the maximum should not exceed 1.5 billion marks (about 750 million taels of silver). Yu advocates that the number of two billion marks (about 1 billion taels of silver) can be squeezed out. This amount had been expected as the total amount of indemnity proposed by the great powers in compensation for the Boxer Uprising." ([Germany] Wadsey's "Boxer Rebellion Notes") On September 7th, 1901, the "Final Protocol" (Note: Xin Chou Treaty) was formally signed: The core content of the first paragraph, is effectively dealing the murder of the German imperial Minister Baron Klind, the imperial Prince Zaifeng (载沣) was ordered to go to the German Emperor to express regret on behalf of the Qing Dynasty emperor and the country. Second, the Qing Dynasty built a monument for the minister of Klind.  The core content of the second paragraph deals with the need to severely punish the Chinese-Qing ministers considered responsible for the anti-Western violence and resistance – terming this ‘resistance’ as ‘War Crimes’. This included Duanjun (端郡) - ‘second-rank-prince' - Wang Zaiyi (王载漪) and Fu Guogong (辅国公) - prince-knight-general – Zailan (载澜), both of whom were charged, tried, convicted and exiled (with their titles expunged). These two men fully supported the Boxer Uprising and called for the expulsion of all foreigners from China! They were exiled with generous pensions. Many other high-ranking Qing Court officials (and members of the royal family) decided to commit suicide due to the ‘shame’ associated with losing to the Western forces. This included such people as Prince Zhuang (庄亲王  - Zhuang Qin Wang) Zaixun (載勛), Zuo Du Yushi (左都御史) – High Official of the Metropolitan Procuratorate – Yingnian (英年), and Xingbu Shangshu (刑部尚书) - High Official of the Ministry of Criminal Prevention - Zhao Shuqiao (赵舒翘); Yuxian (毓贤), the governor of Shanxi, Qixiu (启秀) from the Ministry of Ritual, and Xu Chengyu (徐承煜) from the Ministry of Criminal Affairs, were all rehabilitated and directed to the correct path of righteousness behaviour (by denying the cause of the Boxers); the co-organizer of the Ministry of Scholars, Xu Tong (徐桐), the former governor of Sichuan, Li Bingheng (李秉衡), were already dead. Many officials who were suspected of collaborating with the Boxer Movement were dismissed from their posts. This included Xu Yongyi (徐用仪) the High Official of the War Department, Lishan (立山) the High Official of the Household Department, Xu Jingcheng (许景澄) the Secretary of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the Cabinet Bachelor and the Minister of Ritual Department - Lianyuan (联元), and Qing Yuanchang (卿袁昶) of the Taichang [太常] Temple - the Restoration officer, etc. The admiral of Gansu Dong Fuyang (董福样) was dismissed from his post, although he deserved to be punished far worse. The second priority of the second paragraph was to suspend the civil and military examinations for five years in towns where the people of various countries were killed and abused. The core content of the third paragraph dealt with the murder of the Secretary of the Japanese Embassy, Bin Sugiyama, through a decree of ‘surrender’ carried by the Minister of Household Affairs Natong (那桐) - sent as a special Chinese-Qing envoy to the Emperor of Japan – expressing the regret of the Qing Dynasty. The core content of the fourth paragraph deals with graves and churches of various countries that were defiled and excavated - with Chinese replacement monuments used to cleanse the dirt and snow. The Chinese state has to pay an estimated fine of 10,000 silver taels for each place in the capital to be returned to its European design and structure, and 5,000 Silver taels for each place in other provinces. The core content of the fifth paragraph is that it is forbidden to transport arms or any kind of resources or technology specially designed for the manufacture of arms into China, and for this ban to operate for two years. The core content of the sixth paragraph is the payment of 450 million taels of silver acquired through custom charges - to various Western-friendly agencies throughout China. This money was to be viewed as a ‘loan’ granted by the Western countries to be paid back by the Chinese government with an annual interest rate of four percent, over a thirty-nine-year period of repayment in accordance with the chapters in the attached table. These financial resources were guaranteed to be distributed as follows: First, the funds received by the Xinguan – or ‘new gates’  (新关). The second, is to make money for all Changguan - or ‘common gates’ (常关). The third, is for the input of all salt administrations. The core content of the seventh paragraph, states that the realm of each embassy is for exclusive business and residential use, and is solely managed by the occupants of the embassy. Chinese citizens are not allowed to live in these territories controlled by foreigners. The Chinese state has promised that all countries with embassies should be independent, and that permanent (foreign) troops should protect the embassies.  The core content of the eighth paragraph is the order to flatten the Dagu fort (and all forts) that hinder the passage from the capital to the sea.  The core content of the ninth paragraph, the Chinese state promises to host, without limit, the economic and religious aims as inflicted by the various foreign countries, and to allow a free colonisation of a number of key places - at the discretion of the Chinese government - so as to ensure that there is no interruption of the channel trade or movement of people from the capital to the sea. The garrisons of the foreign countries today are confirmed as being stationed at Huangcun, Langfang, Yangcun, Tianjin, Junliangcheng, Tanggu, Lutai, Tangshan, Luanzhou, Changli, Qinhuangdao, and Shanhaiguan. The core content of the tenth paragraph states that the Qing Dynasty allowed two years to inform the prefectures and counties to issue notices stating: 1) All offenders (that is any and all members of the Boxers – actual or suspected) are to be executed through public beheading, (2) The execution procedure is to be clearly explained, (3) As the people of various countries were killed and abused, all such cities and towns will suspend civil and military examinations. (4) Provincial governors, civil and military officials, and all other officials have the responsibility to ensure safety in their respective territories. If there is a recurrence of harm to the people of various countries, or if there is another breach of contract, it must be immediately suppressed and punished, otherwise it shall be governed that staff members shall be dismissed and will never be re-employed, nor shall they be excused or given awards. The core content of the eleventh paragraph, the country of the Qing Dynasty agrees to treat the various countries in the treaties of commerce and shipping as the places where they should be reformed, and all matters related to commerce will be discussed in order to be proper and simple. The core content of the twelfth paragraph is to change the Prime Minister’s National Affairs Office to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs according to the discretion of the countries, so that Western commerce and religious influence can more easily be spread in China without hindrance. The various paragraphs in the article are adequate to the wishes of the countries, and China is willing to end the situation created by the turmoil of the summer of 1900, and the countries will follow along with their permission. Except for the defensive embassy troops, the troops of all countries will retreat from the capital on September 17th, 1901. ([Italian] Madarao "Beijing in 1900") 
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British Indian Troops Commanded by White Officers Were at the Forefront of the Killing!
The indemnity involved in the "Xin Chou Treaty" is called Boxer Indemnity because 1900 is the Year of the Boxer. The compensation was calculated based on the population of China at that time, one tael per person, totalling 450 million taels. Among them, Russia 130,371,120 taels, Germany 900,705,15 taels, France 708,782,40 taels, Britain 506,205,45 taels, Japan 347.931,00 taels, the United States 329,390,55 taels, Italy 329,390,55 taels, Belgium 848,4345 taels, Austria-Hungary 400,3920 taels, Netherlands 782,100 taels, and the remaining 430,000 taels Shared by Spain, Portugal, Sweden, Norway and other countries. The annual interest is 4%, which is paid off in 39 years, with the interest being 532,238,150 taels. The principal and interest totalled 982,238,150 taels. There are still more than 20 million taels of "local compensation" in various provinces. Therefore, the total amount is more than 1 billion taels of silver. This huge sum of money is equivalent to 12 times the Qing government's annual fiscal revenue. "Until the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the Qing government's annual fiscal revenue was generally stable at around 80 million taels. But by 1903, the annual revenue had reached 104.92 million taels; by 1908, the annual revenue reached 234.8 million taels." ([日] Mingshui "Japanese on China's Fiscal Management Policy") ​
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Western and Japanese Forces 'Parade' Through the Forbidden City!
"The Question of Jancivitsky" and "Wadsey Prophecy" On July 14th, 1900, the conscientious Russian journalist issued a "Jancivitsky question" in his diary: "Although the coalition treats the Chinese like this, despises them, and considers them barbarians and slaves, but I can’t tell who is more worthy of the title of barbarian, Chinese or foreigner? The Chinese, with more than 500,000 people, do not have any power. Based on the long-standing ethnic discipline that melts in the blood, in this million in a populous city, order has never been disrupted, and there has never been a commotion. It is the civilized foreigners who knocked on the doors and windows of banks, shops and government offices, robbed banks, rushed into homes, ransacked their belongings, and ruined women. When the Chinese resisted, they attacked with pistols and rifles. Who is more appropriate to call a barbarian?" On February 3rd, 1901, Wadsey predicted "On the Dividing of Chinese Affairs": "If China produces a smart and courageous figure as its sovereign in the future, it will be better able to make use of the contributions of other countries in the world and the modern cultural methods of that country, Yu believes in China’s future, and there is still endless hope.” On June 22nd, he wrote again: “If the sky is a powerful leader for China, his people can not only root out the corruption of the upper class in general, but also take advantage of the western world. Civilization, the future of China is beyond limit." In 1900, China had reached its nadir, and great men were born. Do not abandon yourself in the shallow waters of Longyou (龙游), there will eventually be an uplifting day. History is asleep, but time is awake, the world is asleep, but we are awake. At the darkest hour a hundred years ago, the Western aggressors still subconsciously awed the potential of this ancient country. In today's brand-new era, it is an inevitable historical process for the Chinese to forge ahead with confidence and to be high-spirited on the road to revival. The Chinese cannot forget 1900! The Chinese will never forget 1900! In the Year of the Gengzi 120 years ago, the Chinese nation fell into the abyss without the sky! In the Gengzi Year 120 years later, the Chinese nation has a bright future and is heading for revival! 
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Russian Czarist Troops Were the Leaders of the Western and Japanese Allies!
Chinese Language Reference: 
https://zj.zjol.com.cn/news.html?id=1431755 
1900庚子年，西方人亲历的中华至暗时刻 
2020-04-17 15:00中必兴 ​
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Master Chan Tin Sang Fought in the Anti-Japanese War (1941-1945) in the New Territories!

11/13/2021

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His Father - Chan Yun-Fat - was the Leader of the Sai Kung Chan Clan and Chan Tin Sang was Second in Command!
When the British Authorities 'Surrendered' on Christmas Day, 1941, the Japanese Imperial Army began their reign of terror and endless massacres of th local Chinese population of the New Territories and Hong Kong Island - sparing no one in their path! The Japanese Imperialists were joined by the Sikh contingent of the British Police and British Army - who changed sides and aligned themselves with Japanese fascism! The Sikh leader at the time mistakenly believed that India would be 'freed' by the Japanese fascists! I suspect the Sikh's were surprised when the Imperial Japanese began massacring the Indian population as well - seeing the Indians, Europeans and Chinese as being racially inferior! The Hakka Chinese population of the New Territories and Hong Kong Island elected (through their Clan Associations) to continue to fight the invading Imperial Japanese using traditional weaponry and unarmed martial arts skills. This was necessary as the British imperialists had withheld all modern weaponry from the hands of the indigenous Chinese population as it was believed the ethnic (local) Chinese would form a 'Communist' insurgency and attempt to other throw British rule! The Hakka Chinese put up a very good fight and inflicted thousands of casualties upon the Japanese. 
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We Are Proud of our British and Chinese Ancestors who Fought Against Fascism!
​The Hong Kong Navy consisted of one motorboat captained by an 'Admiral Chan' who had a wooden-leg. When the Japanese began the final push onto Hong Kong Island - his boat was quickly sank and he was marooned on a small island in Hong Kong harbour. The Japanese recall that this old man took-off his wooden-leg and used it to batter senseless any Japanese soldier who tried to take his little island!  Remarkably, Admiral Chan was rescued from his predicament and went on to live well beyond the end of WWII!
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Our Children Remember with Respect!
Our Chinese Grandmother - Cheung Yiet-Tai - used to tell us the horrific stories of the Japanese atrocities carried-out in the New Territories by the Imperial Japanese Army! Master Chan Tin Sang was 17-years-old in 1941 when the anti-Japanese fighting started in the Hong Kong region - whilst Cheung Yiet-Tai was also 17-years-old. The Imperial Japanese had started a campaign of the mass rape of young girls and women. Cheung Yiet-Tai had to hide whilst her mother was gang-raped, hung-up by her hair, 'skinned' and then finally burned to death! This was a terrible fate that befell many thousands of young Chinese women and girls! Whilst the female Chinese population hide with their children in the many cave systems throughout the coastal areas, the the Chinese men formed a guerrilla army and took to covert military action. This fighting was absolutely brutal and each day saw hundreds of Chinese men NOT returning to their awaiting families! 
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Chueng Yiet-Tai (Centre-Left) Holds Sue-Ling - Her First Granddaughter Born in the UK!
When the returning British retook control of Hong Kong in 1945 - they were astonished to hear that the local Chinese Hakka population had continued to fight between 1941-1945 without the aid of modern weaponry - and suffered around 10,000 casualties! The British then erected a monument in the New Territories recognising the bravery of t Hakka Chinese people (or a least this was the story I was told - but it seems the local villagers raised this monument themselves - with the British only taking credit later when they realised they could do nothing about it - see below). In 1956, Master Chan Tin Sang came to the UK and worked hard for ten-years before saving enough money to bring his wife and two daughter to Britain in 1966. The Hakka Chinese people are known for migrating to find a better life! A Chinese-language history documents describes one area of the Hong Kong resistance to Japanese terror when it states:

'Wujiaoteng Village is a Hakka village with a patriotic tradition. It was the base of the Hong Kong and Kowloon Independent Brigade of the Dongjiang Column in the era of Japanese occupation. After the outbreak of the Pacific War on December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked and quickly occupied Hong Kong. In more than three years of anti-Japanese guerrilla war, the Hong Kong and Kowloon Brigade attacked the Japanese army many times, and eliminated the notorious Japanese spy Toaki, as well as many other traitors and secret agents. The maritime squadron frequently attacked the Japanese shipping lanes in the waters near Hong Kong. It experienced more than ten major naval battles. It captured 13 enemy ships, sank 10 ships, and intercepted hundreds of tons of cargo and delivered them to the Dongjiang Column Headquarters. The Hong Kong and Kowloon Brigade also rescued allied pilots on many occasions and assisted the Allied forces in obtaining military intelligence. In early 1942, an anti-Japanese guerrilla squad came to Wujiaoteng Village and began a counterattack against the Japanese army. They attacked Kai Tak Airport, bombed the Japanese Railway No. 4 in Kowloon and the arsenal, etc., and made immortal military exploits. The Japanese army hated this Hakka Chinese Unit and encircled and wiped out Wujiaoteng Village many times, but the guerrillas repeatedly escaped danger under the protection of the villagers. During the Japanese occupation, the invaders launched more than ten raids on Wujiaoteng and surrounding (Hakka) villages. On September 25, 1942, the second day of the Mid-Autumn Festival, the Japanese army surrounded Wujiaoteng Village in the early morning, forcing the masses to surrender their traditional self-defence weapons and give the guerrillas. The village chief Li Shifan and others were not afraid of pouring water, burning fire, or being stepped on horses. They were tight-lipped and were sacrificed heroically. In February 1943, half a year after the incident, on the hillside near Wujiaoteng Village, the Guangdong Provincial Interim Committee and the Dongjiang Military and Political Committee held a joint meeting to implement the instructions of the Southern Bureau of the Communist Party of China and summarize the experience of the anti-Japanese guerrilla war in the Dongjiang and Zhujiang areas. The lessons and plans for future work are known as the "Wu Jiao Teng Conference" in history. The meeting is of great significance to the work of the Dongjiang Column, the Guangdong area, and the anti-Japanese work of the Dongjiang Military and Political Committee. Subsequently, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China instructed to change the designation of the Guangdong People's Anti-Japanese Guerrilla Corps to the Dongjiang Column of the Guangdong People's Anti-Japanese Guerrilla Corps, which has seven groups under its jurisdiction. Zeng Sheng was the commander and Yin Linping was the political commissar. On December 2, 1943, the Dongjiang Column was formally established. The Hong Kong and Kowloon (Hakka) Brigade was one of the first seven teams of the Dongjiang Column. What is less known is that the radio station of the Dongjiang Column was also hidden for eight months in Shishuijian near Wujiaoteng Village, continuously transmitting signals, allowing Guangdong to keep in touch with Yan'an. Without this radio station, the anti-Japanese war in Hong Kong and even Guangdong would be very critical. During this period of time, the hidden management of the radio station was kept extremely secret The logistical work of the radio station depended on the villagers Lin Mao, Lin Chuan's uncle and nephew (they took fishing boats to join the troops dealing with maritime traffic) and their family of 4 people climbing mountains and ridges for secret acquisitions. In April 1943, the Japanese army "mopped up" Shishuijian, but our radio station had already been safely transferred. The Japanese army arrested villager Lin San, tied him to a tree and beat him severely, forcing him to confess the whereabouts of the radio. In the end, the Japanese army killed him and set fire to five houses... During the Anti-Japanese War, 40 youths from Wujiaoteng Village said goodbye to their hometowns and joined the guerrillas without hesitation. 9 Anti-Japanese journalists successively sacrificed for the country and the welfare of Hong Kong. After the victory of the War of Resistance Against Japan, in order to commemorate the villagers and guerrillas who sacrificed their lives for the War of Resistance Against Japan, in October 1951, the villagers spontaneously built a monument for the martyrs, which was rebuilt in 1985. As the original site was located in a remote, steep and sloping mountain slope, until December 2009, the monument was relocated to the current site with funding from the SAR government.'
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Hakka-Chinese - Anti-Japanese Hero's - Wujiaoteng Monument - New Territories - Hong Kong (乌蛟腾 英烈)
1941年12月7日太平洋战争爆发后，日军大举进攻并快速占领香港。在三年多的抗日游击战争中，港九大队四处出击，多次袭击日军，先后消灭罪恶昭彰的日本特务东亚芝及多名汉奸密探。海上中队在香港附近海域频繁袭击日军的海上交通线路，先后经历较大海战十多次，缴获敌船13艘，击沉10艘，并截获数百吨货物上交东江纵队总部。港九大队还多次营救盟军飞行员，并协助盟军获取军事情报。

1942年初，我抗日游击小分队来到乌蛟腾村，开始了对日军的反击。偷袭启德机场、炸毁日军九龙第四号铁路及军火库等，立下不朽战功。日军对其恨之入骨，围剿、扫荡乌蛟腾村多次，但游击队得村民保护屡屡脱险。日占时期，日本侵略者对乌蛟腾及周围的村庄发动了大小十余次扫荡。1942年9月25日，即中秋节第二天，日军清晨包围乌蛟腾村，强迫群众交出自卫武器、供出游击队员。村长李世藩等不惧灌水、火烧、马踏，守口如瓶，壮烈牺牲。

事件后半年的1943年2月，在乌蛟腾村附近的山坡上，广东省临委和东江军政委员会召开联席会议，贯彻执行中共南方局的指示，总结东江和珠江地区敌后抗日游击战争的经验教训和部署今后的工作，史称“乌蛟腾会议”。会议对于东江纵队、广东地区的工作，对于东江军政委员会的抗日工作都有重要的意义。

随后，中共中央指示把广东人民抗日游击总队的番号，改为广东人民抗日游击队东江纵队，下辖7个大队。曾生任司令员，尹林平任政委。1943年12月2日，东江纵队正式宣告成立。港九大队是东江纵队首批7个大队之一。

而鲜为人知的是，当年东江纵队的电台也在乌蛟腾村附近的石水涧隐藏了八个月，持续不断的发射信号，使得广东与延安保持联系。如果没有这个电台，香港、甚至广东的抗日将会非常危急。在这段时间里，电台密室封闭式管理，保密极为严格。而电台的后勤工作，全靠该村的林茂、林传叔侄(他们带渔船一起参加部队为海上交通)及其家4人爬山越岭秘密采购所需。1943年4月，日军对石水涧“扫荡”，但我电台早已安全转移。日军抓了村民林三，绑在树上毒打，逼其供出电台下落，最终日军活生生把其打死，并纵火烧毁其五间房子……

抗战时期，乌蛟腾村先后有40位青少年挥别故里，义无反顾地参加游击队，先后有9位抗日志士为国为香港壮烈牺牲。

抗日战争胜利后，为了纪念为抗战付出生命的村民和游击队员，1951年10月，村民自发为烈士筹建了一座纪念碑，并于1985年重修。由于原址位于山坡下陡滑偏远处，至2009年12月，由特区政府出资，纪念碑迁于现址重建。
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Antique Smoking-Pope Preserved Within the Chan Family!

10/25/2021

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Probably of latter Qing Dynasty Design (c.19th century)
Although Britain used 'opium' grown in India as a means to unnaturally pollute the minds and bodies of the Chinese people (so that they could be more easily controlled by the European invaders), it is also true that traditional Chinese medicine has for centuries used 'opium' as a means to control psychological, emotional and physical pan. Indeed, for thousands of years 'opium' remained the ONLY naturally grown plant that could perform this task. Obviously, a doctor genuinely 'relieving' pain and thereby reducing the suffering of another human-being is very different from a European invading force within China that mis-used 'opium' to 'stupify' the minds and bodies of the already healthy masses so that they could not effectively organise a resistance to Western occupation and annexation of their country! The result of this despicable behaviour has been the literal demonisation of 'opium' when in fact when it is used in the right hands it is a very effective and legitimate medicine. Indeed, even modern Western medicine makes use of opium-derivatives in the production of the pain-killer 'morphine'. 
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Lightweight and Sturdy to Assist Usage Whilst 'Relaxed'!
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The Copper-Bowl and Lower-Stem is Detachable for 'Cleaning'!
Description of 'opium' pipe owned by Master Chan Tin Sang (1924-1993). The 'smell' and 'taste' of the last 'smoke' is still evident. 

Bamboo stem (main-body) = dark brown in colour. 

Copper bowl and lower stem (all one design) = Reddish-brown in colour.

Length of bamboo-stem plus copper-bowl = 19.75 Inches - 50.2 cm - 1 Foot 7.75 Inches - 0.502 Metres.

Length of bamboo-stem minus copper-bowl = 17 Inches - 43.18 - 1 foot 5 Inches - 0.43 Metres.

Copper-bowl Diameter = 1 inch - 2.5 cm

Design on lower stem situated on the copper-bowl consists of six individual dots arranged around a single central dot (forming a flower motif). Four Old Style Chinese Characters are arranged equidistance around this 'flower'. A single row of Chinese characters run in a straight-line down back of the short copper stem (immediately behind) the copper-bowl.
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Chinese Lettering Usually Extols 'Double-Happiness' (囍 - Xi) also expressed as '双修' (Shuang Xiu) - or 'Two Types of Identical Happiness Occurring Simultaneously Without Paradox or Hindrance'!
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Pencil Rubbings By Gee Wyles of the Inscriptions Around the Copper-Bowl!
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I shall Attempt to 'Rationalise' These Characters in Due Course.
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Smoking-Pipes Have Been a Part of Legitimate TCM for Centuries!
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Western Racism and US Anti-Intellectualism Found within Chinese Martial Arts

10/13/2021

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Muslim Martial Arts Are Highly Regarded Within China!
It is a peculiar reality that a number of Westerners practice Chinese martial arts to make money – whilst denigrating a) the Chinese people b) Chinese culture and c) the ‘right’ (both ‘moral’ and ‘legal’) of the Chinese people to decide to their own destiny and political system! As someone of Anglo-Chinese extraction (and who lives within the UK Chinese community), I have even witnessed Westerners travel to Mainland China to study at university or at a Gongfu College – only to return to the West with Certificates and Teaching Qualifications after having experienced a fully enjoyable and productive visit – only to continue to hold and express anti-China racist views when in the presence of their fellow Westerners! This also occurs after these individuals have experienced generous reductions in their flight and accommodation costs, reductions in their education fees and benefitting from ‘free’ student travel whilst living in China! Who pays for all this? Certainly not the Western countries from where these people originate – but rather the average Chinese–taxpayer through their hard-earned pay-cheques!  ​
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Respect China - Respect the Chinese People and Learn Chinese Gongfu Properly!
Through the agency of US anti-intellectualism, many lies are told about China in the West and this is why the average Westerner remains both ‘ignorant’ and ‘racist’. China is a ‘Socialist’ country – which means its form of democracy is much more inclusive, regular and empowering to the average Chinese citizen than its Western counter-part. The Chinese people are working hard to build a Socialist society. Throughout the 20th century, the Chinese people fought against the tyranny of Chinese feudalism, Japanese and Western imperialism – and they did this successfully through the auspices of the Communist Party of China CPC)! Chinese people were killed in their millions by the Chinese Imperial (Qing) Government (from 1644 until its overthrow in 1911), by the corrupt Western-backed ‘Nationalist Government’ (192-1949), the Western imperialists (for hundreds of years until 1949) and the Japanese Imperial Kwantung Army (destroyed by the Soviet Red Army in 1945). It is the CPC that has built a strong China out of these ruins and saved the Chinese people from further pain and suffering at the hands of others!  ​
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Chinese Martial Arts Possess Many Different Faces!
Through the Chinese ‘Socialist’ education system, it is the CPC which teaches that ALL foreigners should be treated with respect and financially assisted whilst visiting China! It is interesting, therefore, that on a website I help to administer regarding the practice of Chinese Ch’an Buddhism (which is flourishing within ‘Communist’ China) I receive the following communication affixed to the bottom of a blog post I made (this response has no relevance to the topic): 

By: Howard Johnson ([email protected]) Commented On: Seated Transforma... Date Commented: 07/03/20 03:26PM  

Howard Johnson said:  

Some good information in this blog but why the promotion of communism ? You do realise that this murderous ideology is responsible at least 100 million deaths.  

Commenter IP: 46.69.52.108 

Interestingly, a reader can tell the far-right political affiliation of a Westerner who nevertheless presents himself as an authority upon ‘Xingyi’ and ‘Tongbei’ whilst expressing disinformed rhetoric that only appears upon right-wing websites and within fascistic literature! By way of contrast to this the above nonsense – as no one in Russia or China believe that any ‘mass’ killings occurred that were perpetuated by the CPC – a recent academic report in the US states that since 1945 to now (excluding WWII), the US military has killed or murdered between 20-30 million people around the world in defence of its own capitalist system!  ​
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Communist China Is a 'Fact' That ALL Westerners Have to Learn to Accept!
Many of these murders were perpetuated within Asia and involved US capitalist soldiers killing Asians within Communist countries. Furthermore, during the US (capitalist) invasion of the USSR (1918-1921) - the US, UK, Germany and their (capitalist) allies killed hundreds of thousands (perhaps millions) of Russians who were fighting for Socialism! Eventually, the US military was defeated by the Soviet Red Army and was forced to retreat. Another academic report states that when European (capitalists) settled the America – by around 1610 some 60 million indigenous Indians had been cleared from their ancestral lands and murdered! If we add the killings associated with WWI and WWII we do, indeed, approach the figure of ‘100 million’ documented deaths – but all committed by representatives of the capitalist system – and often aimed at ‘Communists’ whilst NOT being committed by Communists! If United Nations (UN) records are checked - the average reader will discover the true extent of far-right, racist lying as contained in Howard Johnson’s supposed ‘factual comment – as absolutely NO official or reliable records exist that ‘prove’ that any massacres ever happened in any Communist country! This is the triumph of ‘fact’ over US ‘anti-intellectualism’! ​
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Chinese School Children Learn Gongfu!
References: 
US Military Murdered 20-30 Million Since 1945 
https://www.voltairenet.org/article204021.html 
European Colonisation of the Americas Killed 60 Million 
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379118307261 
WWI Deaths – 21 million (23 million Wounded) 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I_casualties 
WWII Deaths – 75 million Deaths 
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldhistory2/chapter/casualties-of-world-war-ii/ 
Russian Civil War Deaths – 10 million Deaths 
https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/highest-death-toll-from-a-civil-war ​
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John Charles Oswald (1856-1900) - Journal Entry - Gutian Religious Case (1895)

6/4/2021

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Four suspects - ‘Gutian Religious Case’ - Du Zhuyi (杜朱衣), Zheng Huai (郑淮), Liu Xiangxing (刘祥兴) and Zhang Ch (张赤)
Translator’s Note: Reading through historical texts on the Chinese language internet (Baidu) - I came across the following true story apparently recorded in a journal or diary written by the British imperialist living within Fujian province at the time - John Charles Oswald (1856-1900) - who was responsible for running a tea house and horse-racing track! The photographs were found in the journal entry but it is not clear whether he took them or if they were taken for him. This episode – essentially a legal case – took place in 1895, and although cameras were known, there numbers were few in China. Such devices would have been considered a very rare and specialised piece of technology. However, the photographs themselves are of a very good quality considering the time they were taken. I suspect the pictures were more or less ‘posed’ for and that the ‘criminals’ had to participate in sessions despite all being sentenced to death and scheduled to be killed on the day of the photographing! The Emperor of China tried to keep out all foreigners, but they managed to penetrate the border guards, they were directed to Fujian province, which was full of robust and loyal Chinese people who knew how to ‘control’ and ‘limit’ the activities of these visitors. These English and American visitors ended-up in exactly this place, despite their dominating and oppressive attitudes and behaviours. People from Fujian province often travelled to the Island of Okinawa – an ancient Chinese settlement – and it is their Chinese martial arts which eventually evolved into ‘Karate-Do’ - now considered a ‘Japanese’ art. In these photographs we see the grinding poverty of the ordinary Chinese people, and can see that two men entrusted by the Authorities to carry-out executions – despite being relatively well-dressed – nevertheless, lack any semblance of shoes or socks! From their stance-work it is obvious that traditional Chinese martial arts were brutally effective in practice rather than ‘flowery’ or ‘elaborate’ in theory. ACW (4.6.2021) 
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Suspects in the Gutian Religion Case - 1895
Chinese prisoners who killed foreigners in the late Qing Dynasty - were forced to the execution-ground after a simple interrogation (with no legal defence). Four suspects in the ‘Gutian Religious Case’ include Du Zhuyi (杜朱衣), Zheng Huai (郑淮), Liu Xiangxing (刘祥兴) and Zhang Ch (张赤). In the early morning of August 1st, 1895, more than one-hundred members of the "Piety Association" (斋会 - Zhai Hui) situatin in Gutian County, Fujian Province - attacked Mount Hua - where British and American missionaries lived, resulting in the deaths of eleven British missionaries and other female Christian assistants. Many other people were injured. This incident became known as the "Gutian Religious Case" in the history books. This is one of the two largest religious-orientated single cases that happened during the late Qing Dynasty – with the other being the "Tianjin Religious Case" which happened in 1870. Western missionaries aggressively penetrated and took-over large parts of China and used brutality to force Chinese people to ‘convert’ to a religious they neither wanted nor understood. Every so often, this foreign aggression and brutality was met with ‘resistance’ primarily from the embittered peasant community – which generally paid dearly for its loyalty and bravery. ​
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Ruins of Missionary Property After Attack
The suspects in the "Gutian Religious Case" were arrested by the Qing government. This group of photographs was found in a recently discovered album left by the Englishman John Charles Oswald (1856-1900), which recorded key scenes relating to the trial of the suspects. Oswald once ran a tea and horse racing business in Fuzhou, and it is not certain that these photographs were taken by him personally. After the "Zhaihui" congregation killed people, they robbed the missionary's residence and set fire to it. ​
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Chinese Suspects Treated Like Animals at the Behest of Europeans...
The scene after the looting of the British and American missionaries' residence was very bloody. In the late Qing Dynasty, missionaries went deep into China to preach, and there were often conflicts between the church and the local people. The involvement of missionaries in the opium trade, forced land leases, and illegal act of shielding the faithful aroused the anger of the local people. The Gutian "Zhaihui" and the church have had long-standing grievances, with both encroaching upon the other’s territory. The church employed all kinds of illegal methods but continuously got away with their crimes – which included rape of Chinese women and girls. If the Chinese Authorities dared to act against this foreign criminality, then the foreign governments would often send in their armed forces and make matters far worse. When the ‘Piety Associations’ fought-back – they were invariably ‘blamed’ when caught and issued with the severest of punishments demanded by the church missionaries – who enjoyed watching the spectacle of scared men kneeling to be ‘beheaded’! ​
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Du Zhuyi (杜朱衣) Was Kept in a Wooden Box
After the incident, foreigners in China reacted strongly. The British and American envoys in Beijing protested to the Qing Court and sent warships to intimidate along the coast of Fujian. The "New York Tribune" of the United States even clamoured to put China "under the gun" and subject it to "the most severe sanctions." ​
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Western Killed in the Unrest are Buried in China
Du Zhuyi - one of the main criminals in the case - was kept in a cage. In his early years, he repeatedly failed the exams, and then he despaired of his career and joined the "Zhaihui". Because he couldn't understand the arbitrary behaviour of foreigners, he rebelled against their corruption. The "Zhaihui" is mostly comprised of the poor people at the bottom of society, and a small number of frustrated intellectuals and small businessmen. ​
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Westerners and Chinese Nobles Decide the Fate of the Uprisers!
The British who died were buried in Fuzhou. On August 5th, Emperor Guangxu decreed, "The case is serious. The generals (Bian Baoquan, Governor of Fujian and Zhejiang Province, General Qingyu of Fuzhou) should send troops to severely deal with the perpetrators and be punished in accordance with the law; The church residence was properly protected by the stern magistrates, and there was no need to do anything else," which shows the attitude of the pro-Western Qing Court. ​
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The 'Condemned' are Paraded for the Enjoyment of the Westerners!
Chinese, British, and American personnel involved in the investigation and trial of the case. On August 13th, an investigation team composed of British and American diplomats, military officers, and missionaries went to Gutian to investigate the incident and participate in the Qing government’s trial of the arrested suspects. Under their pressure, the Qing government offered high rewards and arrested hundreds of people. Among them, a large number of innocent people were implicated for being allegedly reported by others. ​
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The Executioners are Local Martial Artists
The scene before the execution. In order to quell the adverse effects caused by the case as soon as possible, the Qing government adopted a method of rapid arrest and rapid trial. The procedure was very simple, and the participants in the confirmed cases were immediately sentenced. By October 18th, the trial was completed in just over two months, and 92 people were finally determined to be guilty, of which 26 were sentenced to death, 17 were enlisted in the military, 5 were imprisoned for life, 27 were imprisoned for 10 years, and 5 were imprisoned for 5 years. 5 people to hold the stone pier for 3 years, 5 people hold the stone pier for 6 months, and 2 people hold the stone pier for 2 months. 

The executioners who carried-out the death penalties. During the trial of the case, the British and American authorities did not claim compensation, but only demanded that the perpetrators be punished. This is a rare case in modern history that caused heavy losses without financial compensation. Reference materials: Liu Guoping, "Research on Gutian Religious Cases in 1895", Yang Guanghui, "Public Opinion and Modern Religious Cases". 

Original Chinese Language Source Article: 
​古田教案
https://m.sohu.com/a/212640342_99937407 
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    Shifu Adrian Chan-Wyles (b. 1967) - Lineage (Generational) Inheritor of the Ch'an Dao Hakka Gongfu System.

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    Eddie Daniels
    Edge
    Educate
    Education
    Effective
    Efficiency
    Efficient
    Effort
    Effortless
    Efort
    Ego
    Egypt
    Eight
    Eighteen
    Eighteen Arahant Fist
    Eight Gates
    Eight Trigrams
    Eikatsutatsu
    Elbow
    Elder
    Elderly
    Elephant & Castle
    Embrace
    Emei (峨眉)
    Emergency
    Emissary
    Emit
    Emperor
    Empire Of The Sun
    Empress Dowager Cixi
    Empty
    Empty Hand
    Empty Step
    Encircle
    End
    Endurance
    Enemy
    Energy
    English
    Enlightenment’ (悟 - Wu)
    Enter The Dragon
    Entwine
    Envelop
    Envelope
    Environment
    Environmentalist
    Envoy
    Equality
    Errata
    Errors
    Essence
    Essential Life Mind-body
    Essential Nature
    Esteemed
    Eternal Light
    Ethnic
    Ethnic Thai
    Etymology
    Eurocentric
    Eurocentricism
    Europe
    European
    Evade
    Evasion
    Evening
    Events
    Evidence
    Evolution
    Evolve
    Exact
    Exchange
    Exclusive
    Execution
    Executions
    Exercise
    Exit
    Exorcism
    Expand
    Expansion
    Expansive
    Experience
    Expert
    Expert Self-defence
    Explain
    Explosives
    Expo
    Expression
    Expressive
    Extension
    Externa
    External
    External Qigong
    Eye-strike
    Face
    Face-to-face
    Fact
    Fairfield Centre
    Fake
    Fall
    False
    Familiar
    Family
    Fang Gang
    Fang Ligui (房利贵)
    Fang Qiniang’ (方七娘)
    ‘Fang Zhonggong’ (方种公)
    Fan Yinglian (范应莲)
    Farming Tools
    Fars
    Fast
    Father
    Father-to-son
    Fear
    Federation
    Feeding (食 - Shi)
    Feeling
    Fees
    Feet
    Feng Shui
    Fertility
    Fiction
    Field
    Field Grand Blad
    Fight
    Fight I
    Fighting
    Figure
    Fiilm
    Filipino
    Films
    Finchley
    Finger
    Fire
    Fire Power
    Firm
    First
    First Opium War (1839)
    Fist
    Fist Classic Victory Assured Record
    ‘Fist Frame’ (拳架-Quan Jia
    Fists
    Fitness
    Five
    Five Ancestors
    Five Elements
    Five Feet
    Five Phases
    Five Steps
    Flail
    Flat
    Fleet
    Flesh
    Flexible
    Flick
    Flicking
    Flight
    Float
    Floating
    Floor
    Florian Poupard
    Flow
    Flowers
    Fluid
    Fluidity
    Flying
    Flying (飞 - Fei)
    Fly Whisk
    Focus
    Follow
    Following
    Food
    Foot
    Foot Position
    ‘foot’ Root (脚根 - Jiao Gen)
    Footwork
    Force
    Fore-head
    Foreign
    Foreigners
    Forest
    Forest Prayer
    Forests
    Forgive
    Form
    Forms
    Fortress
    Forward
    Forward Stance
    Foundation
    Foundations
    Four
    Fragrant
    Frame
    Frames
    France
    Frank Johnson 6th Dan
    Fraud
    Free
    Freed
    Freedom
    Free Fighting
    Free-flowing
    Free Hand
    Free Stance
    Free-standing
    Freeze
    Freezing
    French
    Frequency
    Frog
    Front
    Fujian
    Fujian Province
    Full
    Funakoshi Gichin
    Function
    Fung Ngan
    Fuqing
    Fu Ta Tsue
    Future
    Fuzhou
    Gael
    Gaelic
    Galatia
    Gang
    Gao (高)
    Gap
    Gate
    Gaul
    Ge-Dan
    Ge-Dan Bara-I
    Gedan Barai
    Ge-Dan Hara-I
    Gedan Harai
    Gee
    Gee Wyles
    Ge Hong (葛洪)
    Gekisai
    GekisaiDaichi
    Gekisaidaini
    Geksai
    Gene Ching
    General Qi Ji Guang
    Generation Qi
    Generations
    Genetic
    Gentle
    Gentleness
    Genuine
    Genzi
    Geography
    George Andrews 7th Dan
    George Kerr
    Gi
    Giant
    Giant Sword
    Gichin Funakoshi
    Gift
    Gifts
    Gillian
    Gillian Chang
    Gim
    Give Way
    Giving-up
    Giving-way
    Glastonbury
    Glastonbury Tor
    Glide
    Gloves
    Go
    Go Genki
    Goju
    Goju Kai
    Goju Ryu
    Goju-Ryu
    Goju Ryu Karate Do
    Goju-Ryu Karate-Do
    Goju Ryu (刚柔流)
    Go Ken Ki
    Gold
    Golden Belt
    Golden Rooster
    Gongfu
    Good
    Good Luck
    Goods
    Governing
    Governing Vessel
    Grabbing
    Grades
    Grading
    Grandfather
    Grand Ridge-pole
    Grand Temple
    Grapple
    Grappling
    Grasp
    Grave
    Gravity
    Great Bear Cat
    Great Heat Wine
    Great Treatise
    Great Wall
    Great Way
    Greece
    Greed
    Greed#
    Greeks
    Grip
    Groin
    Ground
    Grove Road
    Gua
    Guan Dao
    Guangdong
    Guan Gong
    Guangzhou
    Guard
    Guest People
    Guide
    Guiding
    Guildford
    ​𠃌 (gun3)
    Guru
    Gyaku Tsuki
    Gyaku Zuk
    Gypsy
    Hachinohe Citty
    Hads
    Hainan
    Hair
    Hairpins
    Hakka
    Hakka Chinese
    Hakka Gold
    Hakka Gongfu
    Hakkaku Hei-ho
    Hakka Warriors
    Halal
    Halberb
    Hall
    Halt
    Han
    Hand
    Hand-Blade (手刀
    Hands
    Hand-stand
    Han Dynasty
    Hang
    Hanyu
    Han (韩)
    Hara
    Harae
    Hara-Kiri
    Hard
    Hard Qigong
    Hardship
    Hard-Soft
    Harmonious
    Harmonious Way School
    Harmony
    Harsh
    Hatred
    Hawaii
    He
    Head
    Head Monk
    ‘head’ Root (顶根 - Ding Gen).
    Healing
    Health
    Heart
    Heat
    Heaviness
    Heavy
    Heel
    Heian Period
    Height
    He Jinbao
    Help
    Henan
    Herbs
    Hereford
    Hereford Leisure Centre
    Hermit
    Hexagram
    Hexagram 56
    Hidden
    Higaonna
    Higaonna Family
    Higaonna Kanryo
    Higaonna Kanryō
    Higaonna Morio
    Higaonna Onna
    Higaoona Kanryo
    High
    Hikers
    Hiking
    Hill Running
    Hills
    Hinge
    Hinton Community Centre
    Hinton Leisure Centre
    Hip
    Hip Twist
    Hiragana
    Hiroki Miyagi
    Hironori Otsuka (1892-1982)
    History
    Hitting
    Hojo
    Hokkian
    Hokkien
    Hold
    Holding
    Holding The Ball
    Holistic
    Hollow
    Home
    Honesty
    Hong Kong
    Hongwu
    Hong Xiuquan (洪秀全)
    Honour Fight
    Hook
    Hope
    Horizontal
    Horns
    Horse
    Horses
    Horse Stance
    Horton Hospital
    Hot
    Hotel
    Hourglass
    Howard Johnson
    Hua Jin
    Hua-tou
    Hub
    Hubei
    Hucheng
    Hug
    Hui
    Humanity
    Humans
    Humour
    Hunan
    Hundred
    Hung Gar
    Hunting
    Hunyuan
    Hunyuan Xingyi Taiji Gate (浑元形意太极门)
    Iaido
    I Ching
    Identical
    Ideogram
    Ideograms
    Ideology
    Idiiom
    Ignorant
    Ill Health
    Illness
    Imagination
    Imdia
    Immigration Act 1948
    Impact
    Imperial
    Imperialism
    Imperial Japan
    Imperial Japanese
    Incense
    Inconsistent
    Increase
    India
    Indian
    Indian Yogi
    Indifference
    Indo-China
    Indoor
    Inflated
    Influence
    Influencers
    Inheritance
    Inheritor
    Inhibit
    Injury
    Inner
    Inner Organs
    Inner Strength
    Inner Vision
    Inscription
    Insight
    Inspection
    Insult
    Insurance
    Intake
    Intangible
    Integrate
    Integrated
    Integration
    Integrity
    Intelligence
    Intensity
    Intent
    Intention
    Interaction
    Intercept
    Internal
    International
    Internet
    Interplay
    Intersperse
    Invasion
    Inverte
    Invisible
    IOGKF
    Ip Man (叶问 - Ye Wen)
    Iran
    Ireland
    Irish
    Iron
    Iron Fighting Wine
    Iron Ox
    Iron Vest
    Islam
    Islamic
    Island
    Jab
    Jade
    Japa
    Japan
    Japane
    Japanese
    Japanese Kanji
    Japanese Karate
    Java
    Jaws Of Death
    Jeet Kune Do
    Jesuit
    Jet Li
    JG Ballard
    Jian
    Jiang Daochang
    Jiang Xuezhen
    ‘Jiao Lian’ (教练)
    Jimi Hendrix
    Jimmy H Woo
    ‘Jinan Shinzato’ (新里仁安).
    Jinan Shinzato (新里仁安)
    Jin Dynasty
    Jing
    Jing Nan
    Jing Wu
    'jing' [精
    ‘Jin Jing’ (晋京)
    Jin (劲4)
    Jin (金)
    Jitsu
    Jiu Jitsu
    Ji (吉)
    Jo-Dan
    Joe Fraser
    Jogging
    John Charles Oswald (1856-1900)
    Joint
    Joints
    Joke
    Journal
    Joy
    Ju
    Judging Official
    Judo
    Ju Jitsu
    Jujutsu
    Julius Ceasar
    Jump
    Jun
    June 9th
    Jun Tsuki
    Junzi
    Jun Zuki
    Justice
    Ka
    Kaiten
    Kai Yuan (开元)
    Kakazu Yoshimasa
    Kakeai
    Kakete
    かけて = Kakete
    Kake-Te'
    Kakie
    'Kakie' (カキエ)
    ‘Kakie’ (カキエ)
    かきえ = Kakie
    カキテ = Kakite
    Kaki-Ti'
    Kaku
    ‘か’ (Kaku
    ‘Kaku’ [か]
    Kaku No Te
    Kamiya Jinsei (神谷仁清)
    Kan
    Kanda
    Kang (康)
    Kanji
    Kanryo
    'Kao Ji' (靠基)
    Karate
    Kara-Te
    Karate-Do
    Karate-Do Committee
    ‘Karate-Do – How To Enjoy Practice’
    Karate-Do (空手道)
    Karate-Dp
    Karate-Jitsu
    Kasturen Castle
    Kata
    Katakana
    Katana
    Katas
    Keijia
    Kelt
    Keltoi
    Kendo
    Kenjutsu
    Kenryo
    Kevin Chaplin
    Khan
    Khufu
    Ki
    き(ki)
    Ki-ai
    Kibg
    Kick
    Kick-bag
    Kick-boxing
    Kicking
    Kicking Power
    Kill
    Killick House
    Killing
    Kilt
    Kime
    Kind
    King
    Kingai-Ryu
    King Arthur
    King Wah
    Kinjo Kanemori (金城兼盛)
    Kite
    KMT
    Knee
    Knee-pads
    Knees
    Knife
    Knives
    Knocked
    Knockout
    Know
    Knowing
    Knowledge
    Knowledgeable
    Knuckle
    KO
    'koa-kui' Or 'khoa-kui'
    Kobayashi Ryu
    Kobudo
    Kobujutsun
    Komeikan
    Kong
    Kong Fuzi
    Kongoken'
    Kong Shou
    Kong Xing
    Korea
    Korean
    Koshinage (腰投げ)
    Kouki
    Kume
    Kume Village
    Kumi
    Kumite
    Kumi-te
    Kung Fu
    Kungfu Tai Chi Magazine
    Kun (昆)
    Kururunfa
    Kururunfu
    Kyoto
    Kyushu
    Labour
    Labour Party
    LA Fitness - Ewell East
    Land
    Language
    Lantern Festival
    Latin
    Law
    Leadership
    Leading
    "leading Frame" (领架 - Ling Jia)
    Lean
    Learn
    Learning
    Leather
    Leatherhead
    Leg
    Legal
    Leg Conditioning
    Leg Endurance
    Leg Power
    Legs
    Leg Strength
    Leg Strengthening
    Leicester
    Leigong (雷公)
    Leisure
    Leisure Centres
    Letter
    Level
    Liang (梁)
    Lies
    Life
    ‘Life Gate’ (命门 - Ming Gen)
    Lifetime
    Li Force
    Lift
    Ligaments
    Light
    Lightness
    Ligsments
    Li Liangxing (李良兴)
    Lily Chiu
    Limb
    Limbs
    Limit
    Lin Dachong
    'Lin Dachong' (林达崇)
    'Lin Dachong' (林达崇)
    Lin Dachong’ (林达崇)
    Lin Dachong’ (林达崇)
    Line
    Lineage
    Lin Jingfeng
    Lin Jingfeng (林竞峰) [1947-2018]
    ‘Lin Jun’ (林俊)
    Link
    Lin Weigong
    ‘Lin Weigong’ (林伟功)
    Lin Weigong (林伟功)
    Lin (林)
    Lin (林)
    Lion Law
    Lists
    Literacy
    Literature
    Little Dragon
    Liu
    ‘Liu Liangxing’ (刘良兴)
    Liu Longgong
    Liu Long (Gong)
    Liuqiu
    Liu Qiu
    ‘Liuqiu’ (流求)
    ‘Liuqiu’ (琉球)
    Liu Shi
    Liu Wei Liu
    ‘Liu Xiangjing’ (刘祥京)
    Livestream
    Li Xingyou (李兴友)
    Li Yinggang
    Lizard
    Liz Wan
    Liz Yin
    Li (李)
    Lock
    Logic
    London
    #london
    London Prize Fighting Rules
    Long
    Longevity
    Longfist
    Long Sword
    Loom
    ‘loosening’ (松 - Song)
    Lord
    Lord Guan
    Loss
    Louhanquan
    Louhan Quan
    Louzi
    Love
    Loving Kindness
    Loving-kindness
    Low
    Lower
    Lower Block
    Lowering
    Lowing
    Loyal
    Lu
    Lumbar
    Lunar
    Lung
    Lunge
    LunYu
    Lun Yu
    Luohan
    Luo Han
    Luo Han Quan
    Luohan Quan
    ‘Luo’ (罗)
    Lu Zijian
    Ma Baoguo (马保国)
    ‘Ma Bin’ - 马斌
    Ma Bu
    Mabuni Kenwa
    Machine
    Macho
    Macrocosmic
    Madam Cheung Yuet-Tai
    ‘Ma Defeng’ (马德峰)
    Ma Family
    Magazine
    Magic
    Maim
    Mainland
    Makiwawa
    Malacca
    Malarial
    Malaysia
    Malcolm
    Ma Luwei
    Manchu Bannermen
    Manchuria
    Manipulate
    Manipulation
    Mannequin
    Manual
    Manuals
    Manufacture
    Manure
    Manx
    Mao (毛)
    Maria Manalastas
    Maritime Sea Road
    Mark Edward Lewis
    Marrow
    Martial
    Martial Arets
    Martial Art
    Martial Arts
    ‘Marutani Takeo’ [丸谷武雄]
    Masahiko Ando
    Mask
    Masonic Lodge
    Massacre
    Master
    Master Chan
    Master Chan Ting
    Master Chan Tin Sang
    Master Chan Tin Sang (1924 1993)
    Master Chan Tin Sang (1924-1993)
    Master Hai Deng
    Master Nakaima Genkai
    Master Qingding
    ‘Master Ti Guang’ [体光]
    Master Xu Yun
    Mastery
    Master Yuan Xiugang (袁修钢) -
    Master Yu Danqiu (余丹秋)
    Mat
    Matayoshi Shinpou (又吉真豊)
    Material
    Matter
    Mature
    Maturity
    Maturtity
    Mawashi Uke
    ‘Ma Xiaoyang’ (马晓阳)
    May
    May23rd
    ‘Ma Zhongyi’ (马忠义)
    MAZIAR KEBAT
    Ma (马)
    Meaning
    Measure
    Mechanics
    Medical
    Medicine
    Medieval
    Medieval Japan
    Meditation
    Medium
    Medulla Oblongata
    Meet Fist Way
    Mei
    Meibukan
    Meiji
    Meiji Restoration
    Mekura Kenichi
    Meng Bin
    Meng Jiao [孟郊]
    Mental
    Merchants
    Merge
    Meridian
    Merry Christmas Mr Lawrence
    ‘Metal Strength Elongated Ring’
    Metaphysical
    Method
    Mianzi
    'Miao Xing' (妙兴))
    Microcosmic
    Middle
    Middle-aged
    Middle Block
    Migration
    Militarism
    Military
    Military Law
    Min
    Mind
    Mind Ground
    Ming
    Ming Dynasty
    Minghequan
    Ming He Quan
    Ming Jin
    Min Nan
    Minute
    Misleading
    Misogi
    Missionaries
    Missionary
    Mitsugu Sakihara
    Miyagi
    Miyagi Anichi
    Miyagi Anichi’ (宫城安一)
    ‘Miyagi Anichi’ [宮城安一] (1931-2009)
    Miyagi Chojun
    ​Miyagi Chojun (宫城长顺)
    Miyagi Chojun (宫城长顺)
    Miyagi Chosho
    Miyagi Takashi
    Miyagi Takashi (1951)
    Miyagi Takashi [宮城敬]
    Miyagi Takashi [宮城敬]
    Miyagi Toru
    ‘Miyazato Eiichi’ [宮里栄] (1922-1999).
    Mma
    Modern
    Modernity
    Monastic
    Monasticism
    Monastics
    Money
    Monk
    Monkey
    Monks
    Monument
    Mooing
    Moon
    Morality
    Morning
    Morphine
    Mosque
    Motobu Chaoji (本部朝基)
    Motobu Chaoji [本部朝基]
    Motobu Choki
    Mould
    Mountain
    Mountains
    Mourning
    Move
    Movement
    Movements
    Movemet
    Movies
    Moving Zen
    Moxibustion
    Mr George
    Mr Harada
    Mr. Huang Teng (黄腾)
    Mr Kenichi Ginkari (铭苅拳一 - Ming Yi Quan Yi)
    Mr Masaru Suzuki
    Mr Miyazato Eiichi (宫里荣一)
    ​Mr. Motobu [本部]
    Mr Wong
    Muay Thai
    Muchimi
    Mud
    Mufu
    Muhammed Ali
    Multiply
    Mural
    MURASAKIMURA Dojo
    Murder
    Muscle
    Muscles
    Muslim
    Muslims
    Mu (穆)
    Myagi Chojun
    Myiyagi Anichi
    Mystery
    Myth
    Nagamine Masamune (长岭将真)
    Naha
    Naha City
    Naha Te
    Naha-Te
    ‘Naha Te’ (那霸手 - Na Ha Shou)
    Naive
    Nakaima Norisato
    Nakamoto Masabu (仲本政傅)
    Name
    Names
    Naming
    Nanjing
    Nanquan
    Nan Quan
    National
    Nationalist
    National Park
    National Tongliang Dragon Dance Troupe
    Natural
    Nature
    Neck
    Negotiate
    Nei
    Neidan
    Neigong
    Nekoashi
    Nervous
    Nest
    New
    New China
    News
    New Teritories
    New Territories
    Nexus
    NHK
    Ninja
    Nippon
    Nippon Budokan (日本武道館)
    No
    No. 2
    Nobility
    Non-action
    Non-alignment
    Non-Chinese
    Non-delusion
    Non-effort
    Non-greed
    Non-Han
    Non-hatred
    Non-martial Arts
    Non-rootedness
    Nonsuch School
    Normality
    Normandy
    North
    Northamptonshire
    North Chean
    North China
    Northern
    Northern Fist
    Northern Gongfu
    Northern Horse
    North-West
    Notion
    Nuance
    Nullify
    Number
    Numbers
    Nunchaku
    Oak
    Obedience
    Objective
    Obscure
    Observation
    Obstruction
    Ocean
    Oceania
    Oda Nobunaga
    Officials
    Oi
    Oi Tsuki
    Oi Zuki
    Okinawa
    Okinawa: An Island People
    Okinawan
    Okinawan Karate
    Old
    Old Age
    Old China
    Old Chinese
    Older
    Old Man
    Old Shoe
    O-M119
    O-M122
    O-M268
    Omastics
    One
    Oneness
    One Sided Horse
    Online
    Open
    Open Hand
    Open-hand
    Open-Space
    Opium
    Opium Pipe
    Opponent
    Oppression
    Order
    Organs
    Origin
    ‘Orthodox Karate-Do – An Introduction’
    O Sensei Kimura Shigeru (10th Dan) [1941-1995]
    Otachi
    Out
    Outer
    Outside
    Out-smart
    Overcome
    Ownership
    Ox
    Oxford
    Oxyden
    Oxygen
    Pacific
    Pacific War
    Pacific War (1941-1945)
    Padded
    Pain
    Pain-killing
    Pair
    Palm
    Palms
    Panda Bear
    Pan Guan (判官)
    ‘pan Shou’ (盘手)
    Pan Yu
    Pan Yu Ba
    'Pan Yu Ba' (盘屿八
    ‘Pan Yu Ba’ (盘屿八)
    Paper
    Paris
    Park
    Parry
    Particle
    Parts
    Pass
    Past
    Patch
    Path
    Pattern
    Patterns
    Payment
    Peace
    Peasant
    Pelvipelvic-girdle
    Pen
    Penetrate
    People's Daily
    People's Militia
    Perception
    Perch
    Perfect
    Perfection
    Permanent
    Permission
    Persia
    Peter Irving
    'Pheonix Eye Fist' (凤凰眼拳
    Pheonix Eye Strike
    Philippines
    Philosophy
    Photgraphs
    Photograph
    Photographs
    Physical
    Physical Fitness Instructor
    Picts
    Pictures
    Pierce
    Piety Association
    Pik Wan
    Pinan
    Ping
    Pitch-fork
    PLA
    Place
    Placement
    Plaid
    Planning
    Plastic
    Play
    Playing
    Plotinus
    Poer
    Poetry
    Point
    Points
    Poise
    Polarity
    Pole
    Police
    Polish
    Polite
    Politics
    Pollution
    Pony
    Poole
    Popularity
    Porcelain
    Port
    Portuguese Slavery
    Positioining
    Position
    Positioning
    Positive
    Post-1945
    Post Office
    Postures
    Pottery
    Poverty
    POW
    Power
    Power-fluidity
    Powerful
    Power Hitting
    Power-hitting
    POWs
    Practice
    Prajna
    Praying Mantis
    PRC
    Precise
    Precision
    Predatory Capitalism
    Pre-exist
    Prefecture
    Pre-Islam
    Preparation
    Prepare
    Prescription
    Presence
    Present
    Preservation
    Press
    Pressure
    Pressure Points
    Pressure Point Striking
    Prevail
    Prevailing
    Principles
    Print
    Prisoner
    Pristine
    Production
    Professional
    Profit
    Profound
    Profundities
    Prohibit
    Protect
    Protection
    Province
    Psyche
    Psychology
    PTI
    Published
    Published Article
    Publishing
    Publushing
    Pugilist
    Pull
    Punch
    Punch-bag
    Punching
    Punish
    Punishment
    Punti
    Pure
    Purification
    Purify
    Purpose
    Pursue
    Push
    Push Hands
    Putian
    Putonghua
    Qi
    Qianfeng School
    Qiang
    Qianlong
    Qian (钱)
    Qi Channels
    Qi Energvital Force
    Qi Energy
    Qi Flow
    Qi-flow
    Qigong
    Qigong (气功)
    Qi Jiguang
    Qi Magazine
    Qin
    Qin Dynasty
    Qing
    Qingding
    Qing Dynasty
    Qinna
    Qin Na
    Qiu
    ‘qi’ (气)
    'qi' [氣]
    Quadriceps
    Quan
    Quanzhou
    Quarterly
    Queensbury Rules
    Qur'an
    Qu Shou
    Racing
    Racism
    Radical
    Rain
    Rama
    Ram Muay
    Randori
    Ran-Dori
    Range
    Ran-Tori
    Rape
    Rape Of Beijing
    Rare
    Rattan Ring
    React
    Realism
    Reality
    Reality Gongfu
    Reason
    Re-attach
    Rebound
    Rebounding
    Receive
    Recognition
    Record
    Records
    Redhill
    Red Hill
    Redirect
    Re-direct
    Reference
    Reflection
    Reigate
    Reject
    Relax
    Relaxation
    Relaxation’ (弛 - Chi)
    Relaxed
    Relocate
    Removal
    Renting
    Ren Zhe
    Repetition
    Replemish
    Report
    Representative
    Republic
    Reputation
    Research
    Resist
    Resistance
    Resolution
    Resolve
    Respect
    Rest
    Restuarant
    Retainer
    Retirement Homes
    Retreat
    Retreive
    Retrieve
    Revenge
    Reverse
    Revised
    Revolutionary
    Revolve
    Rice
    Rice Fields
    Rich
    Richard Hunn
    Rickshaw
    Ridicule
    Riding
    Right
    Righteous
    Right-hook
    Rightness
    Rigid
    ‘rigid’ (刚 - Gang)
    Rinan’ (日南)
    Ring
    Rip
    Rise
    Rising
    Ritsumeikan University
    Ritsumei University
    Ritual
    Ritual Dance
    River
    Road
    Robber
    Robust
    Rock
    Rock-climbing
    ROK
    Roll
    Rolled
    Roman
    Romans
    Romany
    Root
    Rooted
    Rootedness
    Rope
    Ross Road
    Rotate
    Rou
    Round
    Rounded
    Rounded Joints
    Round-house
    Round-kick
    Rou Shu
    Royalty
    R Squadron
    Ruan (阮)
    Rucksack
    Ruck Sack
    Rule
    Run
    Running
    Ru Ru Ge
    Ru Ru Ko
    RU-RU-KO
    Russia
    Russian
    Ru Tu Ge
    Ryu
    Ryuei Ryu
    Ryukyu
    Ryu Kyu
    ‘Ryukyu Fist Law Tang Hand Way Historical Developmental Overview’ (琉球拳法唐手道沿革概要 - Liu Qiu Quan Fa Tang Shou Dao Yan Ge Gai Yao).
    Ryu Kyu Islands
    Ryu Ryu Ko
    Saba
    Sabot
    Sabotage
    Sacrifical Vessel
    Saddle
    Safe
    Sai
    Saifa
    Sai Kung
    Sai Kung Town
    Sailing
    Sailors
    Samadhi
    Samming City
    Samurai
    Sanch
    Sanchin
    Sand
    Sanda
    Sangha
    Sanseiru
    San Soo
    San Zhan
    'San Zhan' (三战)
    SAR
    SAS
    Sashes
    Savate
    Scale
    Scapegoating
    Scattered
    Scholar
    Scholars
    School
    Science
    Scott Hut
    Scout Hut
    Scraps
    Script
    Scroll
    Scts
    Sea
    Sea-bed
    Seal
    Secrecy
    Section
    Secure
    Seeing
    Seipa
    Seipai
    Seisan
    Seize
    Self-cultivation
    Self-defence
    Self-development
    Self-serving
    Sell
    Senaka No Kitae
    Sensei
    Sensei Alan Bound
    Sensei Kimura Shigera
    Senshi
    Sensie Kimura Shigeru
    Sensitivity
    Sentence
    Sepai
    Sequence
    Seres
    Servants
    Set
    Settle
    Settlement
    Seunchin
    Severe
    Shaft
    Shake
    Shaking
    ‘shaking’ (摇 Yao)
    ‘shaking’ (摇 - Yao)
    Shallow
    Shaman
    Shan
    Shandong
    Shang
    Shang Dynasty
    Shanghai
    Shanghai Karate Kobudo Bozheng
    Shanghai Wushu Association
    Shang Heng
    Shaolin
    ‘Shaolin Five Ancestor Fist’ (少林五祖拳 - Shao Lin Wu Zu Quan)
    Shaolin Temple
    Shaolin (少林)
    Shape
    Sharp
    Shatter
    Shen
    Shen Shanxi
    ‘Shen’ (慎)
    Shen (慎)
    Shen (沈)
    Shi Fa
    Shifting
    Shifu
    Shifu (師父)
    Shi Gong
    Shi Jiaming (石佳明)
    Shiko
    Shi Mingyu’ (释明余)
    Shinto
    Shipping
    Ships
    Shipwrecks
    Shito Ryu
    Shito Ryu (系东流)
    Shi Xingzheng
    Shoichin
    Shop
    Shorinji Kempo
    Shorin Ryu
    Short
    Short-Form
    Short-sword
    Sho Shin
    Shotokan
    Shotokan Ryu (松涛馆流的)
    Shou
    Shoulder
    Shout
    Showa
    Shu
    Shuang Jie Gun
    ​Shuang (双)
    Shuffle
    Shu Jing
    Shukokai
    Shukokai Karate
    Shuri
    Shuriken
    Shuri Ryu
    Shuri Te
    Shuri-Te
    Si
    Siam
    Sichuan
    Sickle
    Siddalls Gardens
    Side
    Signatute
    Signed
    Silence
    Silk
    Sil Long
    Silver
    Simplicuty
    Singing
    Singing (鸣 - Ming)
    Single
    Single-edge
    Sink
    Sino Japanese War
    Sino-Japanese War
    Situation
    Six Feet
    Six Lines
    SKF
    Skiing
    Skill
    Skin
    Skinning
    Skull
    Sky
    Slam
    Slap
    Slaves
    Sleep
    Slender
    Slice
    Slide
    Slip
    Slips
    Slither
    Slow
    Small Holding
    Smash
    Smith
    Smoking Pipe
    Smooth
    Snake
    Snake Creeps Down
    Snakes
    SNCO
    Sniper
    Sniping
    Snow
    Social
    Socialism
    Society
    Sō Dōshin (宗道臣) [1911-1980]
    Soft
    Soft Art
    Solar
    Solar Plexus
    Soldiers
    Sole
    Solid
    Solidity
    Son
    Song (宋) And Zhou (周)
    Soul
    Sound
    Source
    South
    South Africa
    South China
    South China Sea
    South-East
    Southern
    Southern Boat
    Southern Fist
    Southern Gongfu
    Southern Karate-do Wado-Kai
    Southern Karate Do Wado Ryu
    Southern Karate-Do Wado Ryu
    Southern Shaolin
    South London
    South Paw
    Sovereign Leisure Centre
    Space
    Spain
    Sparring
    Speak
    Spear
    Special
    Spedd
    Speed
    Spindle
    Spine
    Spinning
    Spiral
    Spirit
    Spiritual
    Spirituality
    Spiritual Laziness
    Sport
    Sport Karate
    Sports
    Spped
    Spread
    Spring And Autumn
    Spring-loaded
    Spy
    Spying
    Squat Kicks
    Squat-kicks
    Squatting
    Stab
    Stabbing
    Stabce
    Stability
    Stable
    Staff
    Stake
    St Albans Road
    Stamina
    Stamp
    Stance
    Stance Syability
    Standing
    Stand Up
    Star
    Start
    State
    Statue
    Steal
    Stealth
    Steel Wire
    Stele
    Step
    Steppe
    Stick
    Sticks
    Sticky-hand
    Sticky-Hands
    Stiffness
    Stifle
    Still
    Still Mind
    Stillness
    Stirrups
    Stocism
    Stone
    Stoneleigh
    Stop
    Storms
    Straight
    Straight Long Sword
    Straits
    Straw
    Stream
    Street
    Strength
    Strengthening
    Stretch
    Strict
    Strike
    Strikes
    Striking
    Striking Post
    Strong
    Structure
    Structures
    Student
    Study
    Stunned
    Stupidity
    Style
    Style Frame
    Stylised
    Subdue
    Submission
    Success
    Sue-Ling
    Su Feng
    Sui
    Suicide
    Sui Dynasty
    Sui Po
    Summer
    Sumo
    Sun
    Sunday
    Sunzi
    Suparinpei
    Suparinpei Kata
    Superficial
    Supplement
    Support
    Suppress
    Suprise
    Surangama Sutra
    Surface
    Surgery
    Sur-Ling
    Surname
    Surnames
    Surrey
    Survival
    Suspend
    Sutra
    Sutton
    Sutton District \School
    Suzuki
    Swamps
    Swaying
    Sweat
    Sweating Ox
    Swing
    Switch
    Swival
    Sword
    Sympathy
    Symposium
    Sype
    System
    Tagou
    Tai
    Tai Chi Magazine
    Taiji
    Taijiquan
    Taiji Tu
    Taipei
    Taipong
    Tai Sabaki
    Taiwan
    Taiyi
    Taizu
    Taji Sword
    Take-Away
    Talent
    Tamar
    Tameshigiri (試し切り)
    Tan
    Tang
    Tang Dou
    Tang Dynasty
    Tang Hand
    ‘Tang Hand’ (唐手 - Tang Shou).
    Tang Lixian
    Tang Quan’ (唐拳)
    Tang Rong
    Tang Shou
    Tang Ying
    Tao (陶)
    Tap
    Target
    Tartan
    Tatami
    TCM
    Te
    Tea
    Teacher
    Teachers
    Teaching
    Tea Shop
    Technique
    Telegram
    Telegraph
    Temple
    Temples
    Tendon
    Tendons
    Tense
    Tenshin Ryu
    Tenshin Ryu (天心流) War Of Art (兵法)
    Tensho
    Tensho' (转掌 - Zhan Zhuan)
    Tension
    Terms
    Terrain
    Test
    Testing
    Texts
    Thai Boxing
    Thai King
    Thailand
    The Fight
    The Fujian 'Tang Shou' Karate-Do Association
    Theory
    Theravada
    Thigh
    Thinking
    Third Ear
    Third-Eye
    Thought
    Thousand
    Threads
    Three
    Three Battles
    Through
    Throw
    Throwing
    Thrust
    Thug
    Tian
    Tian (田)
    Tibet
    Tied
    Tiger
    Tiger Mouth
    Tiger-Mouth
    TikTok
    Time
    Timing
    Tip
    Tissue
    Title
    Titles
    Tiverton
    Tokizawa Yahei
    Tokuda Yasuharu (徳田安文)
    Tokugawa Shogunate
    Tokyo
    Tomari-te
    Tomb
    Tom Beardsley
    Tomb Stones
    Tommy Hearns
    Tom Newham
    Tong
    Tongbai
    Tongbei
    Tong Bei
    Tongliang
    Tony Smith
    Tony Smith 5th Dan
    Top
    Topple
    Tori-Te
    Toro Gushi Uke
    Torque
    Torrent
    Torso
    Torture
    Toshio Tsukamoto
    Totem
    Touch
    Tough
    Toughen
    Trade
    Tradition
    Traditional
    Traditional Karate
    Train
    Training
    Training Hall
    Training Hall China
    Train Station
    Tranquil
    Tranquillity
    Transcend
    Transform
    Transformation
    Transition
    Translate
    Translation
    Transliteration
    Transmission
    Transmit
    Transmitting
    ‘Transmitting Brilliance Training Hall’ (講明館 - Ko Mei Kan).
    Transport
    Trap
    Travel
    Treasure
    Tree
    Trees
    Tremble
    ‘tremble’ (抖 - Dou)
    Tribes
    Tribute
    Trident
    Trigram
    Trip
    Triple Gem
    Tripping
    Truncheon
    Truth
    Tsim Sha Tsui
    Tsuki
    Tsuru
    ‘つる’ (Tsuru)
    Tumble
    Turkic
    Turn
    Turning
    Turning-about
    Turning Palm
    TV
    Twenty-Eight Perches’ (鸣鹤拳二十八宿 - Ming He Quan Er Shi Ba Su
    Twin
    Twist
    Two
    Two-finger Ch'an
    Tyranny
    Ueshiba Kisshōmaru
    Ueshiba Morihei
    UFC
    UK
    Uke
    Umbrella
    UN
    Unarmed
    Unarmed Combat
    Unconsciousness
    Under-cut
    Understan
    Understand
    Understanding
    Undo
    Unequal Treaties
    Unified
    Unity
    Universal Kata Number 1 & 2
    Universe
    Upanishads
    Upper
    Upper Block
    Upper Body
    Upper-cut
    Uprisings
    Urban
    Urumqi
    US
    US Cold War
    US Imperialism
    US Racism
    Valued
    VCD
    Vegetarian
    ‘Venerable Xiao’
    Vertical
    Vessel
    Vessels
    Vibrant
    Vibrating
    Victoria Harbour
    Vid
    Video
    Vietnam
    Vigour
    Village
    Villages
    Vimalakirti
    Vinaya
    Vintage
    Violence
    Virgin Gym - Abbey Mills
    Virtue
    Vision
    Visit
    Vital Force
    Void
    Vol. 32
    Wado Kai
    Wado-Kai
    Wado Ryu
    Wado Ryu (和道流)
    Waidan
    Waigong
    Wai Kru
    Waist
    ‘waist’ Root (腰根 - Yao Gen)
    Wakizashi
    Wales
    Wall
    Wanderers
    Wang Biandou
    Wang Changhai (王长海)
    Wang Maozhai
    Wang Meng
    ‘Wang Qingmin’ (王庆民)
    Wang Shi’an’ (王士庵)
    Wang Xiangui
    Wang Zhiying (王子英).
    Wang (王)
    War
    War Crimes
    Warfare
    Warm
    War Man Way
    Warm-up
    Warp
    Warrior
    Warrior-monks
    Warriors
    Wars
    Water
    Water Margin
    Wave
    Way
    Wayfarer Publication
    Way Of Harmony
    Way Of Peace
    Way Of The Warrior
    Weakness
    Weapon
    Weaponised
    Weaponry
    Weapons
    Weather
    Weave
    Weaving
    Website
    Weft
    Weight
    Weighted
    Weighted Ruck Sack
    Weightlifting
    Weight Training
    Wei Ke Da)
    Wei (魏)
    Weng Xinhui
    Weng (翁)
    West
    Western
    Westerners
    Western Han
    Western Technology
    West Lake Public Park
    Wheels
    White
    White Crane
    White Crane Fist
    White Horse Lake
    White Silk Seal
    Whole
    Whooping
    Whooping Crane Fist
    ‘Whooping Crane Fist’ (鸣鹤拳 - Ming He Quan)
    Width
    Wijiaoteng Village
    Wikipedia
    Wild
    Will
    Wind
    Wine
    Wing Chun
    Wings
    Wisdom
    Wise
    Withstand
    Wivers
    Wobble
    WOII
    Wolves
    Woman
    Women
    Wonder
    Wong Tai Sin
    Wood
    World
    Wounds
    Wrapping Silk
    Wrestling
    Writing Brush'
    Wsom
    Wu
    Wudang
    Wudang Internal Family Fist Law’ (武当内家拳法)
    Wudang Mountain Geological Museum (武当山地质博物馆)
    Wudang Mountain Special Zone Planning Hall (武当山特区规划馆)
    Wudang (武当)
    Wu Qin Yi
    Wu Shi Dao
    Wushu
    Wu Shu
    WuShu]Gongfu
    Wu Weiyang (武维扬)
    Wu Xiangui
    Wu Xiangui [伍賢貴] (1886 1940)
    Wu Xiangui [伍賢貴] (1886-1940)
    Wu Xiangui (呉賢貴)
    Wu (伍)
    Wu (吴)
    Wu (吴)
    Wu (武)
    Wu (邬)
    WWII
    Wyles
    Xia Dynasty
    Xiamen
    Xiang'an District
    Xiangding
    Xiang (向)
    Xiao Dingpei (肖定沛)
    Xiao Shuide (萧铄德)
    Xiao Yujun (小鱼君)
    Xiaozi
    Xie Chongxiang
    Xie Chongxiang (謝崇祥)
    Xie Chongxiang (谢崇祥)
    Xie Chongxiang’ (谢崇祥)
    Xie Chongxiang’ [谢崇祥]
    Xie Congxiang
    Xie Ruru
    Xie Ru Ru
    Xie Ru Ru’ (谢如如)
    Xie Ruru (谢如如)
    Xie Zongxiang
    Xie Zongxiang’ (谢宗祥)
    ‘Xie Zunshi’ (谢尊志)
    Xingyi
    Xingyiquan
    Xinhua
    Xinjiang
    Xi Yang Zhang
    Xu Lanyu (徐兰雨)
    Xu Xiaodong (徐晓冬)
    Xu (许)
    Yagi Akitoku
    Yagi Akitoku (1952)
    Yagi Akitoku [八木明德] (1912 2003)
    Yagi Akitoku [八木明德] (1912-2003)
    Yamaguchi Gichin
    ‘Yamaguchi Gogen’
    Yamaguchi Gogen
    ‘Yamaguchi Minoru’ {山口實実)
    Yamamoto Atsuyuki
    Yamamoto Kagura
    Yamashiro Yoshitomo
    Yang
    Yang Style
    'Yan Mengyong' (严孟永)
    Yanqing
    Yanzhou
    Yan (颜)
    Yasuke
    Yau
    ‘Ye Jianan’ (叶建安)
    Yellow Emperor
    Yi
    Yield
    Yijing
    Yijing Jing
    Yin
    Yin Bagua Zhang
    Yin Fu
    Ying (英)
    Yin-tang
    Yin-yang
    Yin (尹)
    Yisang
    ‘Yi’ (意
    Yongchun
    Yongquan
    Yongzheng Emperor
    Yoshihara
    Yoshitaka Inokuma (猪熊佳孝)
    YouKu
    Young
    Youth
    Youth Centre 21
    Youthful Folly
    Yuan Dynasty
    Yu Baoyan (余宝炎)
    Yu Danqiu (余丹秋)
    Yuika Tokashiki (渡嘉敷唯贤​)
    Yu (俞)
    Zagong
    Zen
    Zen At War
    Zeng Si
    Zhaihui
    Zhang Huqin (张虎勤)
    Zhang Sanfeng
    Zhang (张) And Li (李)
    Zhao Ming Wang
    Zheng Li’ (郑礼)
    Zheng (郑)
    Zhenru Temple
    'Zhiyuan' (智远)
    Zhou Dynasty
    Zhou (周)
    Zhuang-Dong (壮侗)
    Zhuanzhuang
    Zhuhai
    Zhu Yuanzhang’ (朱元璋)
    Zodiac
    Zong (宗)
    Zoom
    ‘Zou Zongtang’ (左宗棠)
    ‘ず’ (Zu)
    Zuki
    تای چی راه بی پایان
    مازیار کتابت
    ​一 (yi1)
    一拳必殺
    一百零八手 (Yi Bai Ling Ba Shou) = Suparinpei
    三十六手
    三十六手 (San Shi Liu Shou) = Sanseru
    三战
    (三战 San Zhan)
    (三战 - San Zhan)
    三战等 (San Zhan) = Sanchin
    三戦
    三议妙 - San Yi Miao
    下丹田 - Xia Dan Tian
    下段払い
    下段払い
    丘
    东恩纳宽用
    东恩纳盛男先生
    丹田
    (丹田 - Dan Tian)
    ​丿(yi4)
    久留顿破
    久留顿破 (Jiu Liu Dun Po) = Kururunfa
    久米
    乱捕り
    予備運動 - Yo Bi Un Do
    二十八宿
    五祖
    五行
    仲井真元楷)
    传统武术
    体捌き
    修交会
    儿 - 儿 - コ
    內 - Nei
    八极拳
    八门五步 - Ba Men Wu Bu)
    '八闽' (Ba Min)
    公
    六机手
    六机手
    六机手 (Liu Ju Shou) = Rokuki
    '关元' (Guan Yuan)
    兵法
    内 - Nei
    (内功 - Neigong)
    内外合一 - Nei Wai He Ye
    决定
    凡 (fan2)
    击碎
    击碎
    击碎第一
    击碎第一
    击碎第三
    击碎第二
    击碎第二
    刀
    分解
    刘氏
    刚柔流
    刚柔流空手道
    制引战 (Zhi Yin Zhan) = Seiyunchin
    制引戦
    剑 - Jian
    剛
    剛柔体操 - Go Ju Tai Misao)
    剛柔流空手道
    劉衛流
    劉龍公
    '劍‘ (jian4)
    力手元!
    ‘勿’ (wu4)
    北蛇拳
    十三手
    十三手 (Shi San Shou) = Seisan
    十八手
    十八手
    十八手 (Shi Ba Shou) = Seipai
    南少林拳法
    南拳
    南拳
    (南拳 - Nan Quan)
    南拳 - Nan Quan
    南船北马
    卦
    印掌 (Yin Zhang)
    又 (you4)
    又吉真豊直伝白鶴兵法三段の形
    双截棍)
    双蝶掌
    双风贯耳
    取手
    受
    受 (shou4)
    古田教案
    '合' (He2)!
    合氣道
    吉原 - Ji Yuan
    吕紫剑]
    吳賢貴
    吴贤贵
    吴贤贵
    呉賢貴
    (和道流)
    咏春拳
    唐
    唐手
    唐手
    唐手 - Tang Shou
    唐朵
    唐榮)
    唐營
    唐禮賢
    唐营
    囍
    四向战
    四向战 (Si Xiang Zhan) = Shisochin
    回転
    (地术拳 - Di Shu Quan)
    ‘型’ (xing2)
    壹百零八手
    外 - Wai
    外 - Wai
    大太刀
    大暍酒
    大熊猫
    天回医学竹简
    太庙 - Tai Miao
    太极拳
    太極拳經
    太祖
    '套' (Tao)
    如如哥
    孔
    客家武术
    宫城安一
    宫城長祥
    宮城敬
    宮城敬
    [宮城敬]
    宮城 長順
    寛量
    導引
    少林拳 - Shaolin Quan
    少林罗汉拳 - Shao Lin Luo Han Quan
    巛 (chuan1)
    巠 (jing1)
    工 (gong1)
    师公
    幕阜山 - Mu Fu Shan
    ‘干’ (gan1)
    (庚子
    張三丰
    彌助
    '形' (Xing)
    形 - Xing
    形 - Xing
    ‘形’ (xing2)
    形意
    形象 - Xian Xiang
    忍者
    慎善熙
    慎善熙
    慎善熙 (Shen Shanxi)
    戚繼光
    截拳道
    '手' (shou3)
    手为先锋 (Shou Wei Xianfeng)
    拳
    '拳' (quan2)
    拳击爱好
    拳打六路 (Quan Da Liulu)
    拳经捷要篇
    掛 (gua4) 手 (shou3)
    掛け合い
    掛手
    掛手
    掛け手 (Ka Ke Te)
    (推手 - Tui Shou)
    搂子
    '摩' (mo2)
    撃砕
    擒拿
    攻防一体虎口廻受
    ‘教士’ (Jiao Shi)
    斋会
    新垣隆功
    方孔 - Fang Kong
    ‘日‘ (ri4)
    明手暗腿
    易筋經
    易經
    晰阳掌
    書經
    曾四
    東恩納 寛量'
    東恩納寬量
    林
    林伟功)
    林达崇
    林达崇
    架 - Jia
    柔
    柔 - Rou)
    柔術
    查拳
    梦斌
    植芝 吉祥丸
    植芝 盛平
    武
    武备志’
    (武备志 - Wu Bei Zhi)
    武道
    气 - Qi
    气功
    氣
    氣
    氣功
    永光
    永春
    決め
    沖縄
    泥丸宫 - Ni Wan Gong
    浑元
    涌泉
    清定
    清定
    湖城
    潘嶼八
    炀
    爪 (zhao3)
    (狗拳 - Gou Quan)
    '狮'
    王扁豆
    王茂斋
    琉求’ (Liuqiu)
    琉球
    琉球 - Liu Qiu
    白鶴
    白鶴拳
    白鹤
    白鹤拳
    白鹤拳
    白鹤拳 - Bai He Quan
    白鹤拳 - Bai He Quan)
    百步神拳 (Bai Bu Shan Quan)
    盘屿
    (盘屿八)
    着
    知花朝信
    '石' (shi2).
    硬气功 - Ying Qi Gong
    硬氣功
    碎破
    碎破 (Sui Po) = Saifa
    祓
    神
    神
    '神' (Shen)
    神象 - Shen Xiang)
    禊
    福建白鶴拳
    空手
    空手 - Kong Shou
    突 (tu)
    '站桩' (Zhan Zhuang)
    竞楠
    '粵' Yue
    精
    精
    素封
    組手
    缠丝劲
    罗汉拳
    罗汉拳
    罗汉拳 - Luo Han Quan
    羅漢十八摩
    羅漢拳
    羅漢拳
    義和拳
    翁信辉)
    脚为帅 (Jiao Wei Shuai)
    脚踢八方 (Jiao Tī Bafang)
    茂木村
    萧和尚 - Xiao He Shang
    蒋雪珍
    虎口受け
    虚云大师
    ‘蜴’ (yi4)
    螳螂拳
    衛克達
    補助
    西湖公园
    西貢
    詠春
    講明館
    謝如如
    謝宗祥
    謝崇祥
    谢如如
    谢如如
    谢崇祥
    谢崇祥
    贤亮
    (足 - Ashi)
    跌打酒
    転掌
    轉掌
    转掌
    追 い 突 き
    逆 (ni4)
    逆突き
    ) 透劲 (Tou Jin)
    通背
    通背
    運動
    道
    那覇手
    那霸手
    '邱
    释行正
    野太刀
    ‘金剛圈’ (Jin Gang Quan)
    ‘金城 敬章’ - ‘Kinjo Hiroaki’
    釵
    ‘錬士’ (Ren Shi)
    铁斗酒
    铁牛
    長拳
    闽
    '闽' (Min)
    陳
    陳
    陳天生
    陳家
    隋書 - Sui Shu
    隔山打牛 (Ge Shan Da Niu)
    隔空打人 (Ge Kong Jin Ren)
    雜功
    面子
    '順' (shun4)
    風け合い
    風水
    馬步
    高手’ (Gao Shou)
    鳴鶴拳
    '鶴' (he4)
    鶴 (he4)
    鶴の手
    鶴の手
    鸣鹤拳
    鸣鹤拳 - Ming He Quan
    鹤仙 - He Xian
    鹤巢寺
    鹤拳- He Quan)
    黃初平
    點穴
    點脈

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