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Email: 'Kenryo' or 'Kanryo' Kobudo - and the Issue of Mistransliteration! (16.12.2022)

12/16/2022

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Whilst Researching If There Is Any Direct Connection Between Goju Ryu Karate-Do and Kobudo - I Discovered a Small But Significant Mistranslation!
​Hi Tony!
I was researching if I could find any direct connection between Goju Ryu Karate-Do and Kobudo - and I found this video:
Kanryo Kobudo
​Kanryo in this instance is written as '贤亮' - which does not quite match the Chinese ideograms used to spell the name of 'Higaonna Kanryo' (東恩納 寛量):
​1) For the name of this Style of 'Kanryo' Kobudo we have the following two Chinese ideograms of:
a) 贤 = (xian2) - 'Ken' in Japanese
​b) 亮 = (liang4) - 'Ryo' in Japanese
​This would suggest the name of this Kobudo (贤亮) should read 'Kenryo' (Virtuous Brilliance) in English translation - and not 'Kanryo' which seems to be the convention as used in the West.
​2) The name of Higaonna Kanryo is written as '東恩納 寛量' - with the last two ideograms forming his first name of 'Kanryo':
​a) 寛 = (kuan1) - 'Kan' in Japanese
​b) 量 = (liang2) - 'Ryo' in Japanese
​The name of 'Kanryo' (寛量) in this instance translates into English as 'Kan' (寛) being 'Kind (Gentle) Big Hearted' and 'Ryo' (量) as 'Limitless'. Kanryo might mean a 'boundless heart and mind', however, the first ideogram 'Kan' (寛) also denotes a ram (or goat) with horns ready to fight in any direction. 
​This exercise demonstrates the importance of logical and correct research. This Kobudo should be transliterated into English as 'Kenryo' and not 'Kanryo' as it exists - as this could - at first glance - suggest a (false) direct link between Higaonna Kanryo and this Style of Kobudo. Of course, the person and the Style could well be linked - but not in the sense of an associated 'first name'- unfortunately!
​Thanks
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George Kerr: Okinawa and the Origin of 'Karate'! (9.10.2022)

10/9/2022

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Originally Published in 1958 - Although this is the 2000 Fully Revised Edition!
Karate is mentioned just once, and even then, more or less in haste, and certainty not in any historical depth! This is disappointing from a book comprising of over 550 pages! Professor Mitsugu Sakihara provides a fascinating 'Afterword' and about ten-pages of corrections, deletions and other necessary 'errata' clarifications. Again, with a ground-breaking book of such historical scope and ambition - this type of 'correction' by an Asian academic fully armed with the latest research is nothing to be ashamed of - as a vast majority of the historical wealth presented within this books stands up to Japanese and Okinawan academic scrutiny!  Of course, we must all be careful to correctly discern 'fact' from 'fiction', 'truth' from 'myth' and 'lies' from 'truth'! I present this data to add the over-all research into the fascinating history of Okinawan Karate-Do - much of which originates in Southern China, indigenous Okinawan martial culture and it would seem - the fighting arts of South-East Asia (Thailand, Myanmar and Cambodia, etc) or even Indo-China (Vietnam)! George Kerr's research into the origin of Karate-Do is not referenced (so we do not know where he acquired his information) - but he is of the opinion that 'Karate' was brought back to the Ryukyu Islands by Ryukyu sailors visiting (and training in the martial arts of) South-East Asia and/or Vietnam - and not China! I have heard a similar idea expressed in some Japanese and Chinese language articles - but only in as much as suggesting 'some' Karate-Do techniques (such as the 'round-house' kick) originated within the martial culture of South-East Asia - but not the complete system! Whatever the case, to consider all the available data - the data must be made available to all - and freedom of thought will do the rest! 
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The Two Great Thinkers We Must Consider!
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Page 217 - Who Told George Kerr This About Karate-Do?
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The 'Correction' of a Misconception Regarding 'Weapon Banning' Begins!
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Many Misconceptions Were Peddled for Various Reasons After WWII!
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A Connection Between Chinese 'Qinna' and Goju Ryu 'Kakie'! (4.9.2022)

9/4/2022

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Okinawan Goju Ryu Has Preserved 'Kakie' - a Unique Form of Interlocking Hands, Wrists and Fore-Arms!
Whilst translating a Chinese language text into English regarding the fundamentals of traditional Chinese martial arts, I came across a Chinese ideogram used in the section to explain 'Qinna' (擒拿) - the art of  'capturing and holding' that I had recently read in a Chinese language article discussing the Goju Ryu Karate-Do practice of 'Kakie' (カキエ). This article had originally been written in the Japanese language by the grandson of Motobu Chaoji (本部朝基) and later rendered into Chinese script - which I could read!  The two articles under discussion are as follows:
Okinawan Karate  ‘カキエ’ (Kakie)
The Four Foundational Techniques of Traditional Chinese Martial Arts!
The 'Kakie' article is on this blog whilst the other article now forms a main section on this web-site. Mr Motobu reconstitutes the spelling of 'Kakie' as follows:
Regular Japanese Spelling: '​カキエ' (amongst many similar variants)
Reconstituted Spelling: '風け合い' (Kakiee)
Whereas Mr Motobu uses the Chinese ideogram '合' (He2) - which I also encountered within an in depth article discussing the 'gripping', 'tearing', 'dislocating' and 'hitting' of pressure points used within the very dangerous traditional Chinese martial art of 'Qinna'. In our gongfu system this is used to 'lock' joints and control assailants in the first instance. A step further is pushing into the 'locked' joint so that the bones and joints move in a contrary 'grating' manner - causing sprains, strains and recoverable joint damage. The next level is to apply enough 'sudden' pressure so that the joint structure is 'smashed' - usually beyond repair. Part of this 'catching' (which can also consist of a gentle deflection or diversion away) involves the finger tips 'pressing' powerfully into the pressure points - although the elbow, knee and edge of the thumb can also be used - as can parts of the feet. When 'training' to perfect the application of these devastating techniques - the 'distance' - between the practitioner and opponent must be 'closed' as quickly and efficiently as possible. Within 'Qinna' this is described within the Chinese language as expertly using the concept of  '合' (He2)! Mastery of this concept requires the fast and efficient closing of the distance between the opponent and the practitioner - and the sudden diminishing of the space between the striking anatomical weapon and the targeted area of the opponent's body! 
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Email: The Fruits of My Labour! (27.8.2022)

8/27/2022

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Karate-Do Originated in China, was Transmitted to the Ryukyu Islands and Japan - and Underwent a Journey Which Has Seen Its 'Chinese' Character Transformed at Different Points and in Different Ways on That Journey!
Dear Tony (Sensei)

I hope that you and your family are well. What follows is the fruit of my most recent labours on this path of research! 

Memories of My Esteemed Master - Mr Miyagi Chojun [1] By Master Nakaima Genkai (仲井真元楷) {1908-1984} [2]

I took my time over this and tried to extract as much meaning as possible. This is a Chinese translation (word for word) of the original Japanese language text. The Chinese author - Mr Wang Biandou - is a Karate practitioner in China. Now, he got this article from a 1978 Japanese language magazine that once featured Okinawan Karate-Do Masters (I believe Mr Wang possesses a copy of this magazine). I know that in 2008 a Japanese person made a 'word for word' English translation - but Mr Wang's Chinese version has 14 footnotes that he added that contain very interesting extra historical data about training with Miyagi Chojun! A colleague in China found a photograph of Okinawan people practicing martial arts in the open dated to the late 1800s! A Japanese friend of mine provided the impressive photograph of Master Nakaima Genkai!

With Respect


Adrian
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Lin Jingfeng (林竞峰) [1947-2018] - Bringing Karate-Do Back to China! (17.5.2012)

8/22/2022

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Master Lin Jingfeng (Left) Practicing with His Karate-Do Students!
Global Kungfu Network Editor: Yang Yanfang (林竞峰) ​
"Everyone who earns the black belt must do promotional work - which is an obligation to your art - and it doesn't matter if your financial conditions are good or not!’ ​
Lin Jingfeng, 65 (as of 2012), is the Head Coach of the China Region of the International Okinawa Goju Ryu Karate Federation. He is also the Vice President of the Zhuhai Karate Association and all year round he is travelling and teaching in Zhuhai, Guangzhou, Changsha and Hong Kong. On April 6th, 2012, he sat down with reporters at the karate Dojo situated in the Zhuhai Sports Centre.  ​
Lin Jingfeng is a native of Hong Kong – but he speaks Putonghua very well. He is of medium stature, but he is very stocky. In his conversation, he appears to be kind, humble and very modest. He started to learn karate at the age of 15, got the first black belt at the age of 19, and is now an internationally recognized 6th Dan teacher. He told us that the journey went smoothly. He was part of the first batch of (Chinese) people to learn karate in Hong Kong, and also amongst the first group to successfully pass a black belt grading. ​
When we first saw him, the scars on his arms and feet caught our attention, but his secretary told us that it was not the result of injuries, but an allergy to herbs. Lin Jingfeng said, in fact, when practicing karate it is easy to get injured, but he rarely gets hurt himself. This was done when he was practicing striking the sandbag. He was fine, but he used healing herbs on the cuts, grazes and bruises, but the allergies became what they are now. When he was teaching Goju Ryu in the Hong Kong Karate Association, many people in the class were seriously injured and they often had to call an ambulance after each session! Due to the realistic, tough and rough nature of Goju Ryu training - when the ambulance arrived and saw the wounded all over the floor – they did not know who to treat first! Part of the problem was calling an ambulance every 15 minutes due to yet another failed challenge match between a local fighter and one of our more talented Goju Ryu fighter! Things got so bad that the local hospital contacted the police – who launched an investigation – believing there was illicit or underground fighting for money going on!  ​
Later, Lin Jingfeng went to Japan, where he was taught the orthodox Goju Ryu karate by Miyagi Anichi Shifu - the brother-in-law of the former ancestral inheritor Miyagi Chojun! Lin Jingfeng told us that there are only four main styles of karate in Japan. As one of them, the Goju Ryu style of karate is mainly characterized by relatively small, circular and direct movements which are good at close-range defending and attacking. During 1980, he was instructed by his Master to travel to Fuzhu (in Fujian province) to seek-out the ancestral ‘Chinese’ martial arts styles that form the foundation of Goju Ryu Karate-Do. In other words, those Chinese martial arts styles which advocate and blend the mastery of yin and yang in their attacking and defending techniques. In other words, Lin Lingfeng was given the task of locating the fighting styles of Fuzhou that Higaonna Kanryo (1852-1915) studied, inherited and brought back to Okinawa around 1881. He was seeking out the same ‘gate’ (门 - men) of inheritance through which Higaonna Kanryo passed all those years ago! Lin Jingfeng stated that he could not find any historical, cultural or physical evidence that matched the reality of the obviously ‘Chinese’ orientated martial techniques preserved and passed on within the Goju Ryu tradition. Instead, following this failure, he decided to re-introduce the people of Mainland China to Goju Ryu Karate-Do – which is obviously a descendant of Chinese martial arts – despite being preserved within the Okinawan area of modern Japan today! Lin Jingfeng is of the opinion that Karate-Do possesses a 600 year history in China and it is about time that Chinese people understand this important exported aspect of their historical culture!  ​
Lin Jingfeng and Zhuhai ​
Lin Jingfeng has been in Zhuhai (Guangdong) for 6 years. In the past 10 years, he mainly stayed in Pan Yu (Fuzhou), while his family was in Hong Kong. Over the years, he has been traveling around and communicating with karate associations in other places. We located him by coincidence. It happened that Lin Jingfeng was teaching, and the students were very different in age. Lin Jingfeng told us that people are getting younger and younger – with many girls now taking-up the training! The youngest student today is only 7 years old! Indeed, he explained that traditional Goju Ryu is very intense – but he feels this attitude is not always good in the modern world! Very young children cannot participate in such a feudalistic atmosphere – and so he has toned-down the frequency of training intensity! This adjustment has made it suitable for men, women and children to practice. Now there are five dojos in Zhuhai, including Sun Yat-sen University Zhuhai Branch, Beijing Normal University, and Jinan University. ​
Lin Jingfeng told us a short story. One of his students worked in a government Department in Doumen (斗门). After coming here to practice with his son, in a dispute over a demolition issue, the student stepped forward to quell the incident. Lin Jingfeng said that karate is not only about learning, but more importantly, after you learn it, you have to have the courage to face emergencies and use your own abilities to solve problems. At the age of 65, he has been learning karate for 50 years. He said that the learning process of karate is not as interesting or exciting as some people think – as it involves repeated, boring and arduous exercises - which test a person's skill at patiently enduring. Regarding his persistence in karate, Lin Jingfeng was very calm in his words. When he first started learning, he felt that he was too weak, but later on, there were not too many twists and turns, and he didn't think too much. He said that no matter how old he is, he will definitely be thinking about the future. It is to live to old age and to continue to learn, whilst promoting karate has become a habit. He hopes that more people can understand and learn karate. ​
Lin Lingfeng in Profile ​
Chen Yangdi (陈阳娣), who has been with Lin Jingfeng for quite some time as the secretary of the Zhuhai Karate Association. She came to Zhuhai from Pan Yu (in Fuzhou) with Lin Jingfeng and won the runner-up in the women's group of the ‘First Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Karate Competition.’ According to her, the one who defeated her at that time was the Macau representative in the last Asian Games who had won a Silver Medal in the Asian Games. As a disciple of Lin Jingfeng, Chen Yangdi said that learning karate is very hard. You have to repeat the same movements every day, and the practice is very intense. Sometimes after practice, it is difficult to walk up the stairs and hold chopsticks. However, she feels that she has become more confident and happier in her karate learning, because parents often tell her that their children have changed a lot and become more sensible since taking classes here. ​
Chen Yangdi told us that Teacher Lin once gave the heroine - Chen Baozhu (陈宝珠) - a martial arts instruction in the movie ‘The Lady Killer’, and film and television stars Di Long (狄龙) and Liang Xiaolong (梁小龙) once learned karate in Teacher Lin's place... Lin Jingfeng interrupted her, ‘They are too popular now – perhaps we shouldn’t mention them.’ ​
Source: Zhuhai News Network.. ​
http://www.qqgfw.com/News_1Info.aspx?News_1ID=11678
林竞峰:把空手道带回中国 
全球功夫网 编辑:杨艳芳  日期:2012年05月17日 
“每个进入黑带的人都必须去做推广工作,这是义务,跟你经济条件好不好没关系。”现年65岁的林竞峰是国际冲绳刚柔流空手道联盟中国区的总教练,珠海市空手道协会副会长,常年奔波在珠海、广州、长沙、香港四地。4月6日,在珠海体育中心的空手道道场内,他这样告诉记者。 
 
  林竞峰是香港人,他的普通话讲的还算清楚,身材中等,但却很魁梧,谈吐之中显得为人和善、谦虚、低调。15岁就开始学习空手道,19岁拿到了黑带初段,现已经是国际公认六段师范的他告诉我们一路过来,都很顺利,他是香港第一批学空手道的人,也是第一批拿到黑带的人。 
  刚见到他,他手臂、脚上的疤痕引起了我们的注意,但他的秘书告诉我们,这不是伤,是对草药过敏引发的。林竞峰说,其实练空手道很容易弄伤,但自己很少受伤,这是练沙袋的时候弄的,本来没事,上了草药,结果过敏就成了现在这样,全是疤痕。当初他在香港空手道协会教课时,班上很多人受伤,每次受伤后要叫救护车,有一次救护车上来看到满地的伤员竟然不知道要抬走哪一个,最厉害的一次是每15分钟叫一次救护车,后来医院就直接报警了,以至于警察怀疑他们在斗拳。 
 
  后来,林竞峰去了日本,获巳故流祖宫城长顺的入室弟子宫城安一师范亲自教授正统的刚柔流空手道。林竞峰告诉我们,空手道在日本主要有4个流派,刚柔流作为其中的一支,主要特点在于动作比较小,主张并擅长近距离攻击。1980年受师傅嘱咐第一次来到福建福州市寻找刚柔流同门,但很可惜没有收获,后林竞峰就一直致力于在中国内地和香港推广刚柔流空手道。林竞峰告诉记者,空手道600年前是中国的武术,他的目标是,发扬空手道,并将它带回中国。 
 
  林竞峰与珠海 
 
  林竞峰来珠海已经6年了,这之前的10年,他主要待在番禺,而他的家人都在香港,这些年来,他一直奔波各地,并与其他地方的空手道协会作交流。 
我们去的很巧,刚好是林竞峰在教学,学生们年纪大小跨度非常大。林竞峰告诉我们,由于现在来学习的人年纪越来越小,有个学生只有7岁,而且女生也越来越多,为了利于空手道的推广,现在他已经将空手道练习的强度适当降低,使得男女老少都适宜练习。现在在珠海包括中山大学珠海分校以及北师大、暨大在内的道场就有5个。 
 
  林竞峰给我们讲了个小故事,他的一个学生在斗门一政府部门工作,在和儿子来这练习之后,在一次关于拆迁问题引发的纠纷中,这个学生挺身而出平息了事故。林竞峰说,说空手道,不仅仅是学,更重要的是在学过之后你还要有勇气去面对突发事情,并利用自己的能力化解问题。 
 
  现年65岁的他已经学了50年的空手道了,他说,空手道的学习过程并不是想有些人想象的那样很酷,更多的是重复枯燥艰苦的练习,在中也能够锻炼一个人的耐力。对于空手道的坚持,林竞峰在言语当中表现的非常平静,刚开始学时因为觉得自己太弱,但后来一路走来中间并没有太多的波折,也没有多想,他表示自己不管年纪多大,以后肯定是活到老学到老,推广空手道变成习惯,他希望有更多的人能够了解、学习空手道。 
 
  侧面的林竞峰 
 
  一直陪在林竞峰旁边的陈阳娣是珠海市空手道协会的秘书,她随林竞峰从番禺来到了珠海,曾获得“第一届粤港澳空手道选手权”女子组的亚军,据她介绍,当时打败她的是上一届亚运会中的澳门代表,并在亚运会中获得了银牌。作为林竞峰的弟子,陈阳娣表示,学空手道很苦,每天要重复一样的动作,练习强度也很大,有时候练完之后,走楼梯,拿筷子都很困难。不过她觉得自己在空手道中学习中变得更为自信,也很开心,因为经常有家长对她说,自从在这上课之后孩子变化很大,更为懂事。 
 
  陈阳娣告诉我们,林老师曾经在电影《女杀手》里面给女主角陈宝珠做武术指导,影视明星狄龙、梁小龙曾经在林老师这学过空手道……林竞峰却打断了她的话,“他们现在太红了,这样说不太好。” 
  
来源:珠海新闻网 
 ​
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Email: Eurocentricism and Asian Martial Arts! (22.8.2022)

8/22/2022

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Japanese Martial Arts - Which Became Very Popular in the West Post-1945 - Were an Integral Part of Japanese War Crimes c. 1931-1945!
A Brief Over-view of the Etymology of Modern Goju-ryu Karate-do Kata
Dear Tony

​The academic problem with this type of article - is that it is discussing a Chinese martial culture transported to Okinawa (which was a tributary State of China until 1879) - and yet possesses no Chinese language references. (Chinese martial arts do not originate in America or Japan). It is US and Japanese trends in their own respective academic traditions - reinforcing (without any Chinese input) their own ideas about China (regardless of whether any of the knowledge claims are 'true' or 'false'). The single 'Chinese' reference comes from a Chinese-American (JM Yang) - who could not prove any of his lineage claims in China, etc. A good example that breaks through this type of thinking in the West (and Japan) is Brian Victoria's 'Zen At War' (an uncomfortable read for many). Brian Victoria is an Australian who lives in Japan - and yet can read, write and speak the Japanese language. He explains how many post-WWII Japanese 'Zen' and 'martial' heroes in the West where well-known 'War Criminals' in Japan - with DT Suzuki serving as just one example. The translation work of Thomas and JC Cleary also often exposes the US-Japanese lie which falsely suggests Chinese Buddhism 'died-out' in China and is only now preserved within Japan! Master Xu Yun (1840-1959) had much to say on the Japanese behaviour abroad being motivated by their 'Nationalism' and a lack of basic Buddhist and Confucian morality - even thought 'Shinto' (Shen Dao) - in its Chinese original form - could possibly be a type of 'Daoist' nature worship!  
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Fuzhou: How a Whooping Crane Master Became Famous During Lockdown! (26.3.2020)

8/19/2022

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Xu Lanyu (徐兰雨) [Right] - Teaching a 'Remote' Student 'Whooping Crane Fist' Who Has Come To Visit!
China News Service, Fuzhou, March 26, 2020 (Reporter: Weng Yumin - 翁宇民) In the days of home epidemic prevention! Pictured to the right is Xu Lanyu (徐兰雨) - the lineage inheritor of ‘Whooping Crane Fist’ (鸣鹤拳 - Ming He Quan) - a native of Fuzhou and perpetuator of the often (historically) ‘hidden’ cultural treasure that is represented by the wealth of martial knowledge developed throughout the area. He is pictured here with a ‘student’ who travelled a long way to train in this unique martial art! (Photograph by Chen Nuan - 陈暖).  ​
During lockdown throughout China, millions communicated with one another using the internet! A young woman (Ling Yun - 凌云) from Sichuan, for instance, entertained untold numbers with her ability to use a traditional long sword which she used to ‘pierce’ bits of paper thrown up into the air! Around the same time, a ‘masked man’ (pictured above) took to the internet and decided to demonstrate the ‘Forms’ and self-defence applications of his family martial arts style! His daily programmes attracted hundreds of thousands of viewers! This activity led to untold thousands starting to practice ‘Whooping Crane Fist’ via their TV or computer screen!  ​
How did this notoriety begin? Well, the ‘masked man’ decided that he would record a video of himself practicing the ‘Forms’ contained within the martial art of ‘Whooping Crane Fist’ - carefully edited to the well-known theme tune from the hit movie entitled ‘Kung Fu Panda’! This interesting mixture of ‘old’ traditional Chinese culture and ‘new’ paradigms in general entertainment, led to a massive interest in the martial art that was being demonstrated! No one could have predicted how popular this blend of serious study with light-hearted entertainment would prove – particularly at the dangerous and unpredictable times that Covid-19 represented to the world! ​
Master Xu Lanyu (徐兰雨) Practicing ‘Whooping Crane Fist – Twenty-Eight Perches’ (鸣鹤拳二十八宿 - Ming He Quan Er Shi Ba Su).
The reporter learned that this ‘masked man’ is one Xu Lanyu - the lineage inheritor of Whooping Crane Fist – who is a native of Fuzhou and preserver of the ‘hidden’ martial cultural heritage of the area, as well as being a National (First-Class) Martial Arts Referee, and Deputy Secretary-General of the Fuzhou Wushu Association. In the video that became famous, the Form that Xu Lanyu demonstrated is known as ‘Whooping Crane Fist – Twenty-Eight Perches’ (鸣鹤拳二十八宿 - Ming He Quan Er Shi Ba Su).  ​
Xu Lanyu said: "The ‘Twenty-Eight Perches’ Form derives from the ‘Shaolin Arahant Fist’ (少林罗汉拳 - Shao Lin Luo Han Quan) style. This ‘Twenty-Eight Perches’ Form was developed only within the ‘Whooping Crane Fist’ style – and is not part of any other Crane fighting art. It has a unique spirit which is fast, brave, alert and flexible. This represents a sudden and dramatic transformation often observed in the behaviour of the White Crane bird species. The White Crane is usually quiet, calm and deliberately sedate – but is always poised on the psychological and physical ‘edge’ (between ‘tension’ and ‘relaxation’) so that it can burst into action at any time! The flexibility can suddenly become (momentarily) ‘rigid’ (刚 - Gang) and highly destructive – whilst a ‘rigid’ White Crane can disrupt the mind and body balance of an opponent by suddenly losing ALL the ‘tension’ and become fully ‘evasive’ through a sudden and instantaneous ‘relaxation’ (柔 - Rou). Bodyweight is fully applied to a body part (like water rushing into a hollow pot) – or completely withdrawn from a body area (like water being ‘emptied’ from a storage area). This awareness (and ability) generates an instant and terrible (trembling) power which the White Crane uses when applying the cruel techniques of ‘trapping’ and ‘breaking’ the opponent’s fingers, toes, wrists, ankles, elbows, knees and neck, etc!’  ​
Xu Lanyu explained to our reporters that the developmental history of ‘Whooping Crane Fist’ - including the oral history as well as the legends and myths - is all described in detail in the book entitled ‘Crane Technique – Fujian Whooping Crane Fist’ (鹤法—--福建鸣鹤拳 - He Crane – Fu Jian Ming He Quan) - written by Master Yu Danqiu (余丹秋) - the teacher of Xu Lanyu! This book is full of very interesting and important historical data and is currently in preparation for publication! ​
The Founding Ancestor of Crane Fist is believed to be the semi-legendary woman martial arts expert known as ‘Fang Qiniang’ (方七娘) during the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. This original Fujian White Crane Fist style developed within the Fuzhou area – and eventually diversified into the ‘Whooping Crane’ (鸣鹤 - Ming He), the ‘Perching’ (or ‘Sleeping’) Crane (宿鹤 - Su He), the 'Ancestral Crane’ (宗鹤 - Zong He), the ‘Trembling Crane’ (纵鹤 - Zong He), the ‘Flying Crane’ (飞鹤 - Fei He) and the ‘Feeding Crane’ 食鹤 - She He), as well as many other branches! Indeed, there are several White Crane Fist lineages all preserving and transmitting their interesting histories! For example, during the Daoguang (道光) era of the Qing Dynasty (reigned 1820-1860) - there lived a White Crane Fist teacher known as Master ‘Lin Shixian’ (林世咸) who was well-known in the Yixu area of Fuzhou! He would take on and defeat anyone who challenged him and one day his White Crane skills were observed by a Shaolin Buddhist monk who was travelling through the area! His name was ‘Shi Mingyu’ (释明余) - that is ‘Venerable Bright Intensity’ – and he was a respected expert in the martial art of ‘Shaolin Arahant Fist’ (少林罗汉拳 - Shao Lin Luo Han Quan). After both men were properly introduced, a large crowd gathered - and following demands for a sparring competition -  each man demonstrated his respective art for all to see! It soon became apparent, however, that both men were equally matched despite the technical differences in their martial systems, and that neither could prevail. Furthermore, each man recognised the equal mastery of the other and both became firm friends!​
Watching in the crowd that day was one ‘Lin Dachong’ (林达崇) who came from the Pan Yu area of Fuzhou! He was a disciple of the eminent Shaolin monk and was astonished and impressed when he saw the beauty and technical skill of the White Crane Fist! He requested that Lin Shixian accept him as a disciple and stay to teach him in the Pan Yu area – a request Lin Shixian accepted! Whooping Crane Fist was subsequently developed by Lin Dachong after he combined the movements of Fujian White Crane Fist with those found in the style of ‘Shaolin Arahant Fist’! These two well-known styles form the technical foundation of ‘Whooping Crane’! This is why the Pan Yu area of Fuzhou has become recognised as the birthplace of ‘Whooping Crane Fist’ both in China and abroad! ​
There was also a very great ‘Generational Grand Master’ (一代宗师 - Yi Dai Zong Shi) who was named ‘Xie Zongxiang’ (谢宗祥)* and also known as ‘Xie Ru Ru’ (谢如如)! He was a very great martial arts teacher, practitioner, fighter and healer who was known far and wide in Fuzhou and a long way beyond! Indeed, he had trained as the leading disciple of ‘Lin Dachong’ - who later became known as ‘Pan Yu Ba’ (潘屿八​)! Local people in Fuzhou used to call him ‘Ru Shi’ (如师), and in his hands, ‘the ‘Whooping Crane Fist’ style was repeatedly improved and developed, so that its good reputation spread across China and out into the wide world – becoming known far and wide for its combat effectiveness! Xie Zongxiang was very famous and had countless students and disciples! He met many people from around the world – and the record books state one of them was from Okinawa! This is significant as Fuzhou now receives a continuous stream of visitors that are researching the Chinese origins of the Okinawan Goju Ryu style of Karate-Do. They all arrive with their stories concerning Higaonna Kanryo (东恩纳宽量 - Dong En Na Kuan Liang) - a very strong and brave young man who visited Fuzhou in 1877 – where he studied Fujian White Crane Fist under ‘Xie Zongxiang’! Furthermore, travellers from Japan and Okinawa all state that ‘Whooping Crane Fist’ has had an important influence on the development of Goju Ryu Karate-Do! Quite often, there are also many doubts as the origination stories tend to differ at various points in their telling – whilst all agreeing on certain significant facts! Whooping Crane Fist is a superb cultural treasure that is like a beautiful flower growing out of the brickwork of a wall – but the fragrance of which reaches far and wide! Xu Lanyu's teacher - Yu Danqiu - has often been invited to teach martial arts overseas. Nowadays, there are foreign disciples learning genuine ‘Whooping Crane Fist’ in Europe and Oceania. Xu Lanyu's generation of ‘Whooping Crane Fist’ practitioners now have transnational brothers and sisters – as the Masters of this art want to spread its secrets far and wide! ​
Affected by the recent epidemic, many planned Chinese and foreign martial arts exchanges have been understandably postponed. With the development of the Internet, however, this has made it possible to ‘spread martial arts through the air’, and the White Crane martial arts Masters in Fuzhou intend to continue the communication, learning and teaching of martial arts through ‘live’ internet broadcasts, and video recordings! Due to the epidemic, staying at home has made many people interested in practicing martial arts again. Therefore, Xu Lanyu's ‘Whooping Crane Fist’ video has been retweeted by many fans as soon as it was released. Xu Lanyu said: ‘Epidemic prevention also requires regular exercise at home. A strong body is the strongest line of defence against any illness!’ 

*A
lso referred to as 'Xie Chongxiang' (謝崇祥) [1852-1930].​
Chinese Language Article: 

https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1662227579974127318&wfr=spider&for=pc
​
疫情期间福州有位“蒙面侠”走红网络 
中国新闻网 
2020-03-26 19:52 
福州本土的非遗拳种鸣鹤拳的传承人徐兰雨(右)和慕名而来的“粉丝”一同练功。 陈暖 摄 
中新网福州3月26日电 (翁宇民)在居家防疫的日子里,四川火了一个“提剑扔垃圾女侠”—--凌云。福州本土的非遗拳种鸣鹤拳,最近也火了一位“蒙面侠”。 
近日,一段视频在福州网友当中火热传播,在《功夫熊猫》主题歌背景下,一位戴着口罩的“蒙面”侠客表演了一套虎虎生风的鹤拳,让网友们纷纷点赞! 
记者了解到,这位“蒙面侠”是福州本土的非遗拳种鸣鹤拳的传承人、国家一级武术裁判员、福州市武术协会副秘书长徐兰雨。在上述视频中,他展示的这一段套路名叫“鸣鹤拳二十八宿”。 
徐兰雨说:“二十八宿套路是少林罗汉拳的招式,鹤拳中只有鸣鹤拳有二十八宿套路。它风格与众不同,迅速勇猛、机警灵活,改变了白鹤拳原来的恬静神态,可以施展短打、劈破等狠招,是鸣鹤拳先祖师父传授的武学中,刚与柔的精巧组合。” 
徐兰雨告诉记者,有关鸣鹤拳及其传奇的故事,在他师父余丹秋所著的《鹤法—--福建鸣鹤拳》一书中有详尽的记述。这本书目前正在准备出版。 
鹤拳始祖师父是明末清初的一位传奇女性—--方七娘,这门武学在福州地区还分为鸣鹤、宿鹤(宗鹤、纵鹤)、飞鹤、食鹤几个分支。 
几经传承,在清道光年间,鹤拳的一位高手林世咸在福州义序游玩时,以白鹤神技折服少林罗汉拳高僧释明余,二人在切磋中成为挚友。高僧之徒、盘屿人林达崇目睹二人较技之后,对鹤拳神技崇拜不已,恳请林世咸留在盘屿教授功夫,由此盘屿成为福州鸣鹤拳的发源地而闻名海内外。也正是林达崇结合了少林罗汉拳与鹤拳的招式,成就了鸣鹤拳独特的风格。 
鸣鹤拳还出过“一代宗师”谢宗祥(谢如如),人称如师。在如师手中,鸣鹤拳再度得到提高与发展。他威名显赫,收徒甚众,其中有一位是日本人,名叫东恩纳宽量。 
这位来自冲绳的日本徒弟,1877年到福州拜如师学习鸣鹤拳,回日本后以勇猛、刚柔相济的拳术而扬名,后来更成为日本刚柔流泊手空手道的中兴之祖。 
也正因为东恩纳宽量,日本刚柔流至今仍常有弟子来福州参访鸣鹤拳,探究武学渊源。 
作为福州本土的非遗拳种,鸣鹤拳近年也是“墙内开花墙外香”。徐兰雨的师父余丹秋经常受邀赴海外授武,如今在欧洲和大洋洲都有学习鸣鹤拳的洋弟子,徐兰雨这一代鸣鹤拳修习者有了更多跨国的师兄弟。 
近来受疫情的影响,原计划中的不少中外武学交流都被迫延后。但如今网络的发达,令“隔空传武”成为了可能,福州的武林高手们也计划通过视频,让武术学习与交流得以继续。 
也因为疫情,全民宅家让不少人萌生了习武锻炼的兴趣,因此徐兰雨的鸣鹤拳视频一发布,就被不少爱好者火热转发。徐兰雨说:“防疫居家也要勤运动,身体强健才是抵御病毒的最强防线。”(完) ​
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Email: Eighteen Arahant, Seiunchin & Seipai Katas! (9.8.2022)

8/9/2022

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The 'Horse Stance' (馬步 - Ma Bu) Developed from the Need to Sit Upon the Back of a Horse (or Pony) and Control that Animal by the 'Gripping' of the Legs as They Envelop (and Control) the Belly of the Horse! The Pelvic-Girdle Shifts Left, Right or Centre as it 'Directs ' Force! The Horse Moves in the Direction of the Line of Greatest Force! This Technique, When Applied to Standing on the Ground, Generates health, Longevity and tremendous Martial Power! This is Channelled Through the Torso, Head, arms, Legs, Hands and Feet! This is Seen in All Chinese Forms and Japanese Katas!
Dear Tony

It is interesting what you say about the idea the of Seiunchin and Seipai Katas once forming a single unit of practice (that is a 'single' Kata). This is exactly the same situation with the three Longfist Forms in our family Hakka style - which contain 32 movements each - but once was practiced as a single Form containing 96 movements! To assist the investigation we can have a look at the etymology of the names of these two Goju Ryu Kata and see if any evidence presents itself:

Kata - Seiunchin = 制引戦

制 (Chinese) = Zhi - 制 (Japanese) = Sei - Control, Plan, Regulate, Law, Limit

引 (Chinese) = Yin - 引 (Japanese) = In - Draw (a bow), Pull, Lead, Stretch, Admit, Evade (Leave)

戦 (Chinese) = Zhan - 戦 (Japanese) = Sen - Battle, Fight, War and Conflict

Seiunchin Kata = Careful Bow-Drawing in Battle

Chinese Name = Zhi Yin Zhan (制引戦)

Japanese Name = Sei In Sen (制引戦)

Okinawa Name = Sei Un Chin (制引戦) 

Kata - Seipai = 十八手

十 (Chinese) = Shi - 十 (Japanese) = Ju - Ten, 10, X, Perfection and Utmost

八 (Chinese) = Ba - 八 (Japanese) = Hachi - 8, eight, VIII, Divide and Differentiate

手 (Chinese) = Shou - 手 (Japanese) = te - hand, open (hand), grip and handle

Seipai Kata = Eighteen Open Hand

Chinese Name: Shi Ba Shou (十八手)

Japanese Name: Ju Hachi Te (十八手)

Okinawa Name: Seipai (十八手)

It looks to me that the last word of the written name '十八手' (Shi Ba Shou) is missing in the way the Kata is named in the West. It seems that the Okinawan 'Seipai' equates to the Chinese 'Shi Ba' (Eighteen - as in '10' + '8') - but that the ideogram '手' (Shou) is missing from the name. The Okinawan name should probably read 'Seipaisou' or something similar. We are probably seeing the Fujian dialect preserved through the Okinawan language - with a descriptive word missing when the Kata is vocally discussed! I do not know why this is. What might be of significance is Pan Yu Ba's 'Arahant Fist' (羅漢拳 - Luo Han Quan) - which is also known as 'Arahant Eighteen Hands' (罗汉十八手 - Luo Han Shi Ba Shou). 

Does the Seipai Kata represent the 'Arahant Fist'? Even so, there is the closed 'fist' (拳 - Quan) and then there is the 'Open Hand' (手 - Shou). As you know, Sensei, both types of hand are always used - together with the 'palm' (掌 - Zhang). When I was in various Buddhist temples in China, most had statues of the Eighteen Arahants (all enlightened visitors from India thousands of years ago) spread around the periphery of the grounds facing outward with each statue holding different positions with their hands and feet (this sometimes reminds me of Tensho Kata). 

I spoke and practiced with Warrior-Monks and Nuns who all talked about rebirth, karma and 'meeting' one another again in different lifetimes. There was no violence at all with the flowing hand and foot movements 'evading' every violent movement. However, these people 'sensed' exactly when greed, hatred and delusion was present in the mind of the opponent - and they immediately took action to dissolve it with loving kindness, compassion and understanding! Most of these 'Arahant' Forms involve 'evasion' and simply 'not being there' rather than any forceful application. When power was needed, however, it was generated a) from the ground, and b) from the body-mass of the opponent - as their bodyweight was momentarily 'borrowed' before being 'given back'!

What we might be looking at is a combined Goju Ryu Kata entitled 'Arahant Eighteen Hands Regulate and Drawing the Battle Bow'! It could be named like this '羅漢十八手制引戦' (Luo Han Ba Shou Zhi Yin Zhan). 

Thanks

Adrian
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Fuzhou Wushu Association: Research Process and Views Regarding RU-RU-KO (23.12.2009)

7/31/2022

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The Article is from the Fuzhou Wushu Association which Carries Out Ongoing Research into the Chinese Origins of Okinawan Goju Ryu Karate-Do! This Article is Hosted on the Above Website in Zhejiang (China) Which was Established in 2008 as an Education Facility Introducing Okinawan Goju Ryu Karate-Do to the General Population! The Above Chinese Language Script Reads '冲绳刚柔流空手道华道馆' or 'Okinawan Goju Ryu Karate-Do - Culture Way Hall'
PictureElegant White Crane!
Translator’s Note: This Chinese language article was originally published by the Fuzhou Wushu Association in 2009 (on a Chinese language website based in Zhejiang dedicated to the history, theory and practice of Okinawan Goju Ryu). The content covers events from twenty-years earlier (c. 1989) and seeks to discover who was the Chinese Master who taught Fujian martial arts to the Okinawan traveller - Higaonna Kanryō. Researchers outside of Asia tend to approach this subject from the Anglicised rendering of a Chinese name preserved in Japan - ‘Ryu Ryu Ko’ - which often causes confusion amongst Westerners as it seems very similar to the title of the unconnected ‘Ryu Kyu’ (琉球) Islands – the name of the chain of islands Okinawa happens to be part of. Within Japan and China today, the title ‘Ryu Ryu Ko’ is shortened to ‘Ro Ro Ku’ - as it is a ‘nickname’ the phonetical expression in the English language is only approximate. A number of Chinese researchers are of the opinion that ‘Ryu Ryu Ko’ (如如哥) is a title more likely to have been used in Beijing and is unlikely to have been used in Fuzhou. What is mentioned but not elaborated upon in this article – is the historical reality that ‘Officials’ (that is those individuals who have studied for, sat and passed the Imperial Examinations) were often posted to faraway places where it was their duty to communicate in the ‘Beijing’ dialect (the language of governance throughout China regardless of local dialects).  
​

An example of this involves the famous Ch’an Buddhist Master Xu Yun (1840-1959) who was born in the Quanzhou area of Fujian province. His is father was a government ‘Official’ working in Fujian province who was originally from Hunan. Despite living in Fujian province, at home Master Xu Yun’s family spoke the Hunan dialect whilst at work his father spoke the Beijing dialect. Despite being posted together with his family faraway – the connection with the ancestral land was never forgotten or given-up. Marriage partners were chosen from Hunan for Hunanese men and women born in Fujian – and when deaths occurred, the bodies were ceremoniously taken back to Hunan for burial. Therefore, it is not beyond the realms of possibility that Ru Ru Ko was from a family of ‘Officials’ that had originated in Beijing but had been posted to Fujian. This is a realistic example of how ‘Ru Ru Ko’ could have been from a cultural milieu originating in Beijing.  

As multiple languages are being used (Japanese, Chinese and English), as well as transliteration and phonetical interpretations, it is important that the logical basis of this article is clearly established. Needless to say, research in the Chinese cultural milieu is very different to research carried-out in the English language. For the Chinese language researcher, the investigation begins with the ideograms ‘如如哥’ (pronounced ‘Ru Ru Ge’). This has no obvious linguistic or cultural connection with the Fujian dialect. In Japan these three ideograms are transliterated as ‘儿 - 儿 - コ’ (Ru Ru Ko) - but ‘why’ these ideograms were chosen is something of a mystery as the ideogram ‘儿’ is a simplification of ‘兒’ (er2) which means ‘child’ or ‘son’ (which is used twice). Bear in mind that many Japanese ideograms are either direct borrowings from the Chinese language or modifications. The third ‘Japanese’ ideogram ‘コ ‘ is from the ‘Katakana’ categorisation of symbols – and again refers to a ‘child’ (as in a boy or a girl). This suggests that the Japanese term 儿 - 儿 - コ’ (Ru Ru Ko) quite literally means ‘Child (boy), Child (boy), Child (boy or girl). Therefore, the Japanese term (in Romanji) - of Ru Ru Ko contains no inherent or hidden meaning – and gives no clues as to the identity of the Chinese holder of the name. It appears to be purely phonetical in nature – as if the name were only passed-on by word of mouth and was never written down at the time of being transmitted. Indeed, Higaonna Kanryō admitted that it was difficult to linguistically communicate when he arrived in China. 

Ru Ru Ko is thought to have been born around 1820 whilst his death date is unknown. Furthermore, whoever he was - his true identity is not known. During the Battle of Okinawa (fought between April 1, 1945 – June 22, 1945) and which cost 110,000 Japanese and Okinawan causalities – as well as around 12,500 US casualties. Okinawa was totally devastated due to the ferocious nature of the fighting. This led to the near total destruction of all paper records (as libraries and private homes were totally destroyed). Many of the best and well-educated martial artists in Okinawa fought in the frontline against the invading American Forces – and were killed – whilst others later died from wounds or committed suicide. The elderly people – if not already evacuated – were killed in the vicious crossfire! It is equally true that large areas of Southern and Eastern China were also devastated during the 1930s and 1940s due to the presence of the Imperial Japanese Army, etc. This physical death and destruction eradicated a vast material and intellectual historical database and is one of the reasons why there are large gaps in details available.  

The name of the Master in question is often presented using the three Chinese language ideograms of ‘刘良兴’. This can cause further confusion as these three ideograms can be read in the Chinese language as ‘Liu Liangxing’ - giving the impression that this is a legitimate name. This is not the case as the Japanese use of these ideograms is an alternative way of expressing the far more simplistic ‘儿 - 儿 - コ’ (Ru Ru Ko). This is because ‘刘’ (Liu) can be expressed with the hiragana syllable ‘る’ (ru) and the katakana syllable of ‘ル’ (ru). The second ideogram ‘良’ (Liang) can be expressed as ろう (rō) - whilst the third ideogram ‘兴 ‘ (Xing) is represented by ‘こう’ (kō). Technically speaking, this can be read in the Japanese language as ‘Ru Ro Ko’, etc. Therefore, ‘刘良兴’ = ‘儿 - 儿 - コ’ (Ru Ru Ko) is not a specific name in and of itself. Whereas Chinese language users will read the ideograms of ‘刘良兴’ as ‘Liu Liangxing’ - Japanese language readers see only ‘Ru Ru Ko’! Another way of writing the name of this Fujian White Crane Fist Master is ‘Liu Xiangjing’ (刘祥京) - which is considered a genuine name. I cannot find any independent data about this Master on the Chinese language internet – but information possessed by the Fuzhou Wushu Association records this man as being a famous martial arts teacher in the Fuzhou area. Indeed, the entire point of this Fuzhou Wushu Association article is that although considered as a candidate – there is no reliable evidence linking ‘Liu Xiangjing’ (刘祥京) to Okinawan Goju Ryu.  

Xie Chongxiang (謝崇祥) [1852-1930) was a very famous martial artist from Changle County situated within the Fuzhou area of China. He trained under Master Pan Yu Ba (潘嶼八) who transmitted the ‘Shaolin Arahant Fist’ (少林罗汉拳 - Shao Lin Luo Han Quan) to him (some sources suggest that he also learned the 
‘Southern Shaolin White Crane Fist’ [少林白鶴拳 - Shao Lin Bai He Quan] system). Xie Chongxiang was also renowned for developing the ‘Whooping Crane Fist’ (鸣鹤拳 - Ming He Quan) style. There appears to be a connection between Higaonna Kanryō and Xie Chongxiang due to the names that were used by his disciples which are very similar to those found in the Goju Ryu tradition. ACW (31.7.2022) ​

According to the historical records of Fuzhou Wushu Association: 
​

A number of representatives of different Okinawan Goju Ryu karate schools (since 1983) - have visited Fuzhou at different times – all seeking historical information. It is the official policy of the Fuzhou Wushu Association to assist these enquiries and help these researchers discover reliable information about the original Chinese ancestor who taught the Okinawan martial artist named ‘Higaonna Kanryō’ [東恩納 寛量 - Dong En Na Kuan Liang] (1853–1915) who trained in China over a fourteen year-period between 1867-1881. It is believed by tradition that Higaonna Kanryō trained in Fuzhou under the Chinese Master named ‘Liu Liangxing’ (刘良兴) - although this is the Japanese transliteration. However, this Chinese Master is also known as ‘儿 - 儿 - コ’ or ‘RU-RU-KO' (Beijing interpretation). We believe that this matter is of great and special significance in the strengthening and consolidating of the traditional friendship between the two sister cities of Fuzhou and Naha - and to continue a good and friendly association between martial artists from Fuzhou and Okinawa. To this end, the Fuzhou Wushu Association takes this mission very seriously, and has actively organized investigative forces, conducted multiple enquiries and has repeatedly opened new lines of enquiry. Due to the length of time between now and the historical period concerned, this research has proven to be very difficult to ascertain and/or confirm. This research has now been ongoing for twenty-years and there is hope that major breakthroughs will eventually occur as new historical documentation becomes apparent. A similar undertaking has been pursued regarding the ‘Uechi Ryu Karate-Do' style of Okinawan martial arts – which identified the Chinese teacher known in Okinawa as ‘Zhou Zihe’ (周子和)! 
​

During early March 1988, the President of the Okinawan Goju Ryu Tomarite Association - Tokashiki Yukashiki, (渡嘉敷唯贤 - Du Jia Fu Wei Xian) - acting on inaccurate information provided by the Fujian International Travel Service, believed that the Fuzhou Wushu Association had discovered and confirmed the identity of the Chinese Master who had taught Higaonna Kanryō, and made a false accusation that the Fuzhou Wushu Association was deliberately ‘withholding’ important historical information and that this data should be immediately handed over! This confusion derived from the fact that the Fuzhou Wushu Association was investigating a historical figure named ‘Liu Liangxing’ (刘良兴) - a well-known martial artist who possessed a name very similar sounding to ‘Liu Xiangjing’ (刘祥京) - but it has not been possible to prove a definite or conclusive historical connection. When this reality was explained to Tokashiki Yukashiki – he was of the opinion that we were acting unfriendly – which is untrue. The point is that there is much more investigative work still needed to be carried out. If a definite and verifiable historical connection is discovered – then the Fuzhou Wushu Association will definitely make this information public knowledge. Despite explaining this issue thoroughly, Tokashiki Yukashiki refused to listen and returned to Okinawa where he published a series of articles in the Ryukyu Times (over a ten-day period) between March 9 -18, 1988 – falsely stating that ‘Liu Xiangjing’ (刘祥京) has been identified as the historical figure ‘Liu Liangxing’ (刘良兴) and the teacher of Higaonna Kanryō - by the Fuzhou Wushu Association! At that time, this assertion caused an uproar throughout the Okinawa martial arts community, and the Fuzhou Wushu Association was contacted by a number of concerned historians and martial artists!  
​

Okinawan experts agreed with the findings of the Fuzhou Wushu Association and confirmed that there is no obvious historical connection between these two figures – but that ALL avenues of investigation must be carefully pursued and considered. Following this public ridicule, Tokashiki Yukashiki attempted to explain his irresponsible actions by claiming his articles were intended as a ‘joke’! As a way of attempting to settle this matter, the Fujian International Travel Service commissioned ‘Lin Weigong’ (林伟功) - a Cadre of the Fuzhou Local Chronicles Editorial Committee – to investigate this matter whilst liaising with Tokashiki Yukashiki, so as to avoid all further misunderstanding. Lin Weigong – after considering ALL the available historical evidence – eventually produced the article entitled ‘Okinawan Goju Ryu: Examining the Biographical Details of of Higaonna Kanryō and His Chinese Teacher Ru Ru Ko!’ (日本冲绳刚柔流空手道宗师东恩纳宽量之中国师傅儿-儿-コ小考). Tokashiki Yukashiki reviewed this document and declared its content to be a ‘remarkable monument’ for Ru Ru Ko – or ‘Xie Chongxiang’ (谢崇祥) of Fuzhou! Lin Weigong’s  ‘Biographical Investigation’ made the following observations: ​
1) NAME: 
​

Recorded as ‘儿 - 儿 - コ’ (Japanese) - RU-RU-KO - and correlates to ‘如如哥’ (Chinese) RU RU GE.   

His family or clan name was ‘Xie’ (哥) - his first names were ‘Chongxiang’ (崇祥).  
Indeed. if the master and disciple were of similar ages (or perhaps only one year a part in age) – they could have considered themselves to be ‘brothers’. Therefore, the designation RU RU KO – RU RU GE would be considered correct (in the Beijing dialect) – as the teacher could be a slightly older brother. 

Xie Chongxiang, however, was from Fuzhou and in the Hokkien dialect he was referred to as ‘Ru Si’ (如司) which would imply a ‘Master’ (师 - Shi). ‘Ru Si’ (如司) translates as ‘Likable Teacher’ in Hokkien. Why is this teacher’s designation recorded in the Beijing dialect – but NOT in the Fuzhou (Hokkien) dialect? Why is the Hokkien variant not known in Okinawa? Fuzhou people tend to use two ideogram descriptions pronounced by a single syllable – but never use three ideogram expressions. Whereas ‘Ru Ko’ and ‘Ru Ge’ are possible in the Hokkien dialect - ‘Ru Ru Ko’ and ‘Ru Ru Ge’ are not used. Recently, a book remembering the old martial arts Master - ‘Yu Baoyan’ (余宝炎) - was published which supports the research of Lin Weigong. This book was written by Yu Baoyan’s son – named ‘Yu Mou’ (余某) - and is entitled ‘Remembering My Father Yu Baoyan’ (忆父亲余宝炎). Within this research, the author has discovered at least five places in the historical records where Xie Chongxiang is referred to by the Hokkien designation ‘Ru Shi’ (如师)! 

The Editor-in-Chief of the book is one ‘Xie Qiquan’ (谢其铨). In the chapter entitled ‘Whooping Crane Fist of Lineage Master Xie Ru Ru’ (鸣鹤拳宗师谢如如) - Xie Qiquan quotes two lines of poetry preserved within the Fuzhou (Hokkien) dialect which reads ‘If Ru Si raises just the tip of a single arrow – then even the Immortals and the Gods cannot compete with him!’ and ‘When Ru Si gently lifts, presses and separates – the Immortals and the Gods cannot stop him!’ 

 (“ 如司单基举箭,神仙也难战”,“如司柔搅劈,神仙挡不住”。) 

It can be clearly seen from this information that Xie Chongxiang (谢崇祥) is his original name, and ‘Ru Si’ (如司) is his nickname. This is why the native people of Fuzhou refer to this individual as ‘Ru Si (Shi)’ - 如司 (师)- or ‘Likable Teacher - (Master)’! The research carried out by Lin Weigong demonstrates that the terms ‘Ru Ru Si’ (如如司) and ‘Ru Ru Ge’ (如如哥) - transliterated into the Japanese language as ‘Ru Ru Ko’ - are in fact arbitrary naming errors (怪名 - Guai Ming) probably made during the copying process from one language into another. This led to a single ideogram being mistakenly copied ‘twice’ - and this error being made into a convention (preserved during the transmission of Goju Ryu to the West). Furthermore, the ideograms ‘如如’ (Ru Ru) are also pronounced in the Beijing dialect as ‘Ru Ru’! According to the Introduction provided by the two experts Director Xie Bizhen (谢必震) and Professor Xu Gongsheng (徐恭生) of the ‘Research Office of the History of Sino-Ryukyu Relations’ - located within Fujian Normal University – it is stated that at the time most people in Fuzhou could not speak the Beijing dialect (the so-called ‘Mandarin’), and only ‘scholars’ had to learn the Beijing dialect if they wanted to take part in the Beijing imperial examinations. This implies that it is unlikely that a martial arts Master – or his disciple – would communicate to each other in Fuzhou using the Beijing dialect.  ​
2) DESCRIPTION OF BODY-TYPE: 
​

The available data in Fuzhou suggests that Xie Chongxiang (谢崇祥) also known as ‘Ru Ru’ (如如) - was short (1.55 meters) and stout in stature. He was small and inconspicuous. He chose not to stand-out in a crowd. According to a number of Japanese language sources (preserved within the various Goju Ryu schools), however, ‘Liu Liangxing’ (刘良兴) is said to have been 6 foot in height (1.80 meters) and was generally considered tall and burly and to stand-out in a crowd – a physical description which is the exact opposite of that pertaining to ‘Xie Chongxiang’ (谢崇祥) - also known as ‘Ru Si’ (如司)! ​
3) OCCUPATION – PROFESSION: 
​

Xie Chongxiang (谢崇祥) also known as ‘Ru Ru’ (如如) - was taught the skill of ‘Shoe-Making’ by his father at the ‘Bao Mei Zhai’ (宝美斋) Shoe Shop in Fuzhou. At the age of 31 he was considered a shoemaker in his own right, and he established a School for Shoe-Making Apprentices at a local Temple (庙 - Miao) situated on Shanghang (上杭) Street. According to the information provided by the International Okinawa Goju Ryu Karate Federation: Higaonna Kanryō recalled that Master RU-RU-KO (Liu Liangxing - 刘良兴) was originally born as a nobleman. In the second half of the 19th century, Chinese society was in turmoil, and the ‘Liu Liangxing’ (刘良兴) and his family kept their origin and status secret. Indeed, he took a job making tiles and operating a kiln. He eventually rented a two-storey house by the river in the suburbs (living by himself), making a living as a blacksmith. Lin Weigong has seen this description confirmed in a biographical text entitled ‘Ox-Head’ (牛头 - Niu Tou) - but it differs from the description found in the biographical text entitled ‘Horses-Mouth’ (马嘴 - Ma Zui). ​
4) AGE: 
​

Xie Chongxiang [谢崇祥] (Ru Si - 如司) was born in 1852, while RU-RU-KO (Liu Liangxing - 刘良兴) was born in 1853. Given that Higaonna Kanryō was also born in 1853 – then the age difference between master and disciple would be either no years or only one year! This seems an unreasonable assumption as ‘Higaonna Morio’ (东恩纳盛男) - whilst passing-on details preserved by the third generation Goju Ryu Master Miyagi Anichi (宫城安一) - states that the age difference between master and disciple was at least twenty-five years! Indeed, due to the advanced years of his teacher - Higaonna Kanryō - was advised to return home.  ​
5) MARTIAL ART NAME: 

The available biographies state that the martial art in question is named ‘鸣鹤拳’ (Ming He Quan). This can be translated as: 
​

a) 鸣 - (ming2) = A cry issued forth by a bird, insect or other animal. 
b) 鹤 - (he4) = Specifically a ‘White’ bird defined as a ‘Crane’.  
c) 拳 - (quan2) = A hand which is ‘closed’ - specifically a ‘clenched’ fist. ​
6) MARTIAL ART THEORY: 
​

This Chinese martial arts style has the ‘Three Battles’ (三战 - San Zhan) technique as its foundational ancestor. This agrees with the records as preserved in Japan where this technique is referred to as ‘Sanchin’. In fact, within the Fuzhou area of China, the ‘Three Battles’ (三战 - San Zhan) technique is the foundation of many if not all ‘Southern Fist’ (南拳 - Nan Quan) martial styles – including ‘Dragon’ (龙 - Long), ‘Crane’ (鹤 - He), ‘Tiger’ (虎 - Hu), ‘Lion’ (狮 - Shi) ‘Arahant’ (罗汉 - Luo Han) and ‘Ground Technique’ (地术 - De Shu), etc. Therefore, the ‘Three Battles’ (三战 - San Zhan) technique is not unique to ‘Whooping Crane Fist’ (鸣鹤拳 - Ming He Quan). The available biographies record that the ‘Song of Bright Reason’ (明理歌 - Ming Li Ge) states that ‘Whooping Crane Fist’ is defined by a rapid interchange of ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ (刚柔相济 - Gang Rou Xiang Ji) martial techniques – and that this is the defining characteristic of this style. As this style spread to Okinawa whilst retaining its reliance upon rigidity and giving-way – it became known in the Japanese language as the ‘Hard-Soft’ (Goju) Karate style. Higaonna Morio states that Miyagi Chojun (宫城长顺) - who was a disciple of Higaonna Kanryō - remembered that his teacher (Higaonna Kanryō) brought a martial manual back from China entitled the ‘Martial Preparation Record’ (武备志 - Wu Bei Zhi). One line reads ‘法刚柔吞吐’ (Fa Gang Rou Tun Tu)’ which translates as the ‘law of hard and soft operates throughout’. This was taken to mean that the main martial principle in operation is that of the continuous interchange of ‘hard-soft’ (刚柔 - Gang Rou). This is exactly how the style of Goju Ryu Karate-Do was named by Miyagi Chojun – after he read the specific line mentioned above as contained in the martial manual brought back from China by his teacher - Higaonna Kanryō! This is why the Goju Ryu style of Karate emphasises the rapid interchange of hard and soft martial techniques. Points that need clarifying. Combining rigidity with softness is the general rule for ALL styles of ‘Southern Fist’ (南拳 - Nan Quan) originating within the Fuzhou area. This is not a martial principle unique to ‘Whooping Crane Fist’ (鸣鹤拳 - Ming He Quan). Therefore, naming this style after this principle is far too general and conveys nothing of the original style when considering how many styles that have been developed throughout the Fuzhou area. Knowing the guiding (and underlying) operating principle tells historians nothing about the name (or origin) of the martial art style concerned. In theory it could be related to any of the Fuzhou martial arts styles listed above. This suggests that the compiler of the traditional biographies surrounding the history of the transmission of Goju Ryu from Fuzhou to Okinawa did not possess a good or sound general knowledge of the martial art styles operating in and around the Fuzhou area – and this is something of a mystery. This suggests that a crucial element of historical (cultural) data is missing from the biographies surrounding the transmission of a Chinese style of Fujian martial arts to Okinawa! ​
7) DISCIPLES: 

The biographies state that students of this martial arts style must show a good and virtuous character whilst also achieving an advanced martial ability! The student is tested both morally and physically when entering this martial arts style! Both mind and body are developed equally! If the biography of Higaonna Kanryō is correct - then his Master was named ‘Xie Chongxiang’ (谢崇祥) and he was called ‘Ru Ru Ko’ - or ‘Ru Ru’ (如如)! It must also be acknowledged that training in this way and following these martial principles are commonplace within the Fuzhou area. Therefore, Higaonna Kanryō could have trained with any number of teachers all behaving very similarly and demanding equally high standards of commitment and endeavour! Fuzhou has very high martial standards and what Higaonna Kanryō describes could relate to any number of martial arts masters living in the area. The area is renowned for its severe and highly demanding martial arts standards! Due to the missing historical and cultural data it is correct to say that the available biographies regarding the experiences of Higaonna Kanryō in China are incomplete. Why is this? Has data been taken out? Has data gone missing? Did the compilers lack a basic cultural understanding of the martial culture operating in and around Fuzhou? With this kind of crucial data missing, it is very difficult to get to the root of the matter.   
​

On April 20, 1989, the above research by Lin Weigong was made public in the ‘Fuzhou Evening News’. Some months later, on October 19th and November 1st, 2022, two readers separately raised the questions ‘Who was the Chinese Master of the Japanese Higaonna Kanryō?’ and ‘Is Japan’s Goju Ryu Karate and China’s Whooping Crane Fist Directly Related?’ This is because Lin Weigong’s article caused so many doubts (and triggered in-depth debate) that it was printed twice six months apart! This piece was entitled ‘Discussion with Comrade Lin Weigong’ (与林伟功同志商榷) - and because of all the doubts and missing historical and cultural detail it was decided that it is too early to build a monument to ‘Xie Chongxiang’ (谢崇祥) in Fuzhou. More evidence needs to be ascertained before such an undertaking can be formally considered. During August 1989, when Xu Cai (徐才) - the Chairman of the Chinese Wushu Association was informed about this matter – he stated that in accordance with the spirit of seeking truth from facts, a scientific attitude should be adopted, and this issue should not be forced. On the basis of sound historical research and expert appraisal, a scientific basis must be established. Either there is a ‘fact’ or there is ‘no fact’ - there cannot be any grey areas! For this reason, we believe that textual research on historical figures should be treated with a serious and exact attitude so that truth can be extracted from facts. The establishment of historical fact cannot be arbitrarily shaped. If it is correct that Higaonna Kanryō was taught by a Chinese Master named ‘Xie Chongxiang’ (谢崇祥) - who was called ‘Ru Ru Ko’ - then this must be proven beyond any reasonable doubt. Doubt must be removed through good quality research and the establishment of historical fact. In China we possess a responsibility to our own martial history in Fuzhou – and we also possess a responsibility for all the Karate-styles in Okinawa (and Japan) whose practitioners believe their martial systems originate in China! Remember, many Okinawan and Japanese martial styles have spread worldwide – as have many Chinese martial systems! Establishing a correct history is not a laughing matter and is a very serious affair. If false claims are made, then this issue becomes a laughing matter not only in Fuzhou – but also throughout the martial arts schools of Okinawa!  
December 23, 2009 ​
Chinese Language Article: 

https://web-archive-org.translate.goog/web/20131009224220/http://gojuryukarate.cn/showart.asp?art_id=33&_x_tr_sl=zh-TW&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc 

福州武术协会寻查RU-RU-KO过程与看法  

据福州武协历史资料记载:冲绳刚柔流空手道各派,自1983年开始,直到现在都先后陆续来到福州,希望福州武协能够协助他们寻查其原祖东恩纳宽量在1867年—1881年间,在福州学武时的师傅刘良兴(日语译音),冲绳武术界称他为“ 儿 - 儿 - コ(日文) RU-RU-KO (北京音)”。我们认为,此事对加强与巩固福州、那霸两个友好城市的传统友谊、对福州武术也有着重大而特殊的意义。为此,福州武协十分认真,并积极地组织力量,多方调查,反复论证。由于时间太久,缺乏历史资料,虽查有数人,均似是而非,难予最后确认。20多年来,不间断地在继续调查中。冲绳上地流空手道也有类似之事,对周子和的寻查圆满成功。   

1988年3月初,冲绳刚柔流泊手会会长渡嘉敷唯贤,根据福建省国际旅行社提供的不准确的信息,认为福州武协已找到冲绳刚柔流的师祖,要求我们把调查材料交给他们,当时我们虽然正在调查一个姓名、住处与“刘良兴”近似的已故老拳师“刘祥京”。但缺乏更多的事实可作论证。当我们把调查过程告诉渡嘉敷唯贤,并一再说明,这尚无有力、确凿的证据,还要做大量的考证工作。但他却认为我们对他不友好,不给他们真实材料。虽经我们再三说明、解析,而他回冲绳后,即于1988年3月9日—18日在《琉球时报》连载10天,说东恩纳宽量在福州的师父即“刘祥京”已调查证实。当时给冲绳武术界引起了轩然大波,纷纷向福州武协提出质疑。他们从多方面证明,均认为《琉球时报》报导不实。随后,渡嘉敷唯贤在冲绳也否认了他的报导事实,闹了一场笑话。接着渡嘉敷唯贤又经国际旅行社介绍,委托福州市地方志编委会的干部林伟功调查。随后林伟功写了一篇《日本冲绳刚柔流空手道宗师东恩纳宽量之中国师傅儿-儿-コ小考》一文,交给渡嘉敷唯贤,渡嘉敷唯贤据此为儿-儿-コ(谢崇祥)在福州立了“显彰碑”。 

林伟功所谓的《小考》,其论据如下: 

一、 姓名:《小考》说, 儿 - 儿 - コ(日文) RU-RU-KO (北京音)的真名应是 “ 如如 ” (北京音),他姓谢,族字崇祥,北京音 “RU-RU-KO 即如如哥 ” 。因师徒只相差一岁,所以用兄弟相称,叫 “RU-RU-KO 如如哥 ” 。从名字上 “ 考证 ” , RU-RU-KO 即 “ 如如哥 ” 无误。 

可是谢崇祥,福州社会上普遍是福州话叫“如司(师)”,在福州武术界无人不知的事实,但却没有人知道有福州话的“如如司”者。而福州人的习惯,凡双字同音者只称单字,如:“如哥”、“如司”等,从没人称“如如哥”、“如如司”。最近老拳师《余宝炎》一书出版。该书是宣扬林伟功观点的。余宝炎儿子余某,在书中写一篇《忆父亲余宝炎》一文中,却有五处称谢崇祥为 “ 如师 ”。该书主编谢其铨在《鸣鹤拳宗师谢如如》一文中,引用了福州话顺口溜“ 如司单基举箭,神仙也难战”,“如司柔搅劈,神仙挡不住”。由此可见,谢崇祥是他的原名,“如司”是他的别称。所以福州人都称他为“ 如司(师)”,而“如如司”或“如如哥”只是林伟功偷梁换柱,任意塑造的“怪名”。况且“ 如如”二字是以 北京音才能与 RU-RU相近。据福建师范大学“中琉关系史研究室”谢必震主任和徐恭生教授介绍,二位专家说,当时福州一般人都不会说北京话(即所谓“官话”),只有“秀才”,要上京考试要学北京话。所以,学武的师徒之间,更不可能用北京话相称。 

二、 体型:《小考》说, 谢崇祥(如如)身材矮小( 1.55 米左右)粗壮,外表看个小很不起眼。据日本各派提供资料:RU-RU-KO(刘良兴)身高6尺(1.80米左右),身材高大魁梧,这与谢崇祥(如司)的体型完全相反。 

三、 职业:《小考》说, 谢崇祥(如如)其父让他在宝美斋鞋铺学做鞋艺, 31 岁时在福州上杭街直冲庙设馆授徒。据国际冲绳刚柔流空手道连盟提供的资料:东恩纳宽量回忆师父RU-RU-KO(刘良兴),原是出生于贵族。19世纪后半叶,中国社会动荡不安,“刘良兴”一家都隐姓潜伏,蓄发藏身于瓦窑,为普通瓦工,平时烧瓦、叠瓦。后辞去瓦窑工作,独自租住郊外河边的两层高的房子,以篾匠维持生计。这与《小考》所提的职业,“牛头”对不了“马嘴”。 

四、 年龄:谢崇祥(如司)出生于 1852 年,而 RU-RU-KO (刘良兴)出生于 1853 年,师徒仅相差一岁。这与一般情理不合。据东恩纳盛男提供资料,其第三代传人,宫城安一说,师徒间大约相差25岁左右。因师父年老,所以令东恩纳宽量回琉球。 

五、拳论、拳名:《小考》说: 根据 “ 拳论 ” (鸣鹤拳): “ 本法以三战为祖 ” ,这与日方视以 “ 三战 ” 为根本是相通的。实际上福州传统南拳,如:龙、鹤、虎、狮、罗汉、地术等拳术都是以“三战”为基础,不是鸣鹤拳独有的。《小考》又说: 《明理歌》鸣鹤拳中就有 “ 刚柔相济 ” 的提法,而此拳就是以刚柔为根本的,故拳名为 “ 刚柔流空手道 ” 。 
在东恩纳盛男提供的资料中说:刚柔流空手道是东恩纳宽量的学生宫城长顺,从福州带回的中国武术书刊《武备志》中所提的“法刚柔吞吐”一语中,取“刚柔”二字,作为该流派的名称,故名“刚柔流”空手道。“刚柔相济”是福州一般南拳拳术的普遍风格,也更不是鸣鹤拳所专有。所谓的“刚柔相济”与刚柔流拳名,毫不相干,风马牛不相及,由这二点所谓的《小考》,可知 《小考》笔者毫无福州传统南拳的一般常识, 任意推测、 “ 考证 ”,太过无知可笑。 

七、 授徒:《小考》说: 双方授课时,对徒弟要求极严,品德要求高,极重武德。这些双方都不谋而合,这与源流有关,如如均是这样要求,考验徒弟的。 

《小考》以此证明RU-RU-KO就是谢崇祥(如如)。那么,福州市的绝大部份的老拳师对学徒都极严格,极重武德,也就都可称为RU-RU-KO,岂不是也都可成为东恩纳宽量的师父了吗?综上所述,所谓的《小考》,并无一点可以站得住脚, 毫无 “ 考证 ” 价值,对历史人物的考证,不严肃认真、任意推测塑造,草率行事。 

当1989年4月20日,上述《小考》的内容在《福州晚报》公开宣扬后,10月19日与11月1日即有二名读者分别以《日本东恩纳宽量的师父到底是谁?》及《日本刚柔流空手道与福州鸣鹤拳同宗吗?》,两次出现《与林伟功同志商榷》的文章,认为疑点太多,太过草率,影响不好,反对在福州市为谢崇祥立“显彰碑”。 

1989年8月中国武协主席徐才知道后,认为按照实事求是的精神,理应采取科学的态度,不可迁强附会。在历史考证、专家鉴定基础上,提出科学的依据。有或无、是或非,有则有之,无则无之, 千万不要似是而非。为此,我们认为考证历史人物要以实事求是的精神,认真、严肃的态度对待。不能草率、任意塑造。所谓“谢崇祥就是RU-RU-KO,也就是东恩纳宽量在福州学武时的师父,就是刚柔流空手道的始祖”,并为他树立了所谓的“显彰碑”,这不仅在福州市武术界中,而且在冲绳各派空手道中,都成了天大的笑话。 
​

2009年12月23日 ​
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Master Chan Tin Sang Fought in the Anti-Japanese War (1941-1945) in the New Territories!

11/13/2021

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His Father - Chan Yun-Fat - was the Leader of the Sai Kung Chan Clan and Chan Tin Sang was Second in Command!
When the British Authorities 'Surrendered' on Christmas Day, 1941, the Japanese Imperial Army began their reign of terror and endless massacres of th local Chinese population of the New Territories and Hong Kong Island - sparing no one in their path! The Japanese Imperialists were joined by the Sikh contingent of the British Police and British Army - who changed sides and aligned themselves with Japanese fascism! The Sikh leader at the time mistakenly believed that India would be 'freed' by the Japanese fascists! I suspect the Sikh's were surprised when the Imperial Japanese began massacring the Indian population as well - seeing the Indians, Europeans and Chinese as being racially inferior! The Hakka Chinese population of the New Territories and Hong Kong Island elected (through their Clan Associations) to continue to fight the invading Imperial Japanese using traditional weaponry and unarmed martial arts skills. This was necessary as the British imperialists had withheld all modern weaponry from the hands of the indigenous Chinese population as it was believed the ethnic (local) Chinese would form a 'Communist' insurgency and attempt to other throw British rule! The Hakka Chinese put up a very good fight and inflicted thousands of casualties upon the Japanese. 
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We Are Proud of our British and Chinese Ancestors who Fought Against Fascism!
​The Hong Kong Navy consisted of one motorboat captained by an 'Admiral Chan' who had a wooden-leg. When the Japanese began the final push onto Hong Kong Island - his boat was quickly sank and he was marooned on a small island in Hong Kong harbour. The Japanese recall that this old man took-off his wooden-leg and used it to batter senseless any Japanese soldier who tried to take his little island!  Remarkably, Admiral Chan was rescued from his predicament and went on to live well beyond the end of WWII!
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Our Children Remember with Respect!
Our Chinese Grandmother - Cheung Yiet-Tai - used to tell us the horrific stories of the Japanese atrocities carried-out in the New Territories by the Imperial Japanese Army! Master Chan Tin Sang was 17-years-old in 1941 when the anti-Japanese fighting started in the Hong Kong region - whilst Cheung Yiet-Tai was also 17-years-old. The Imperial Japanese had started a campaign of the mass rape of young girls and women. Cheung Yiet-Tai had to hide whilst her mother was gang-raped, hung-up by her hair, 'skinned' and then finally burned to death! This was a terrible fate that befell many thousands of young Chinese women and girls! Whilst the female Chinese population hide with their children in the many cave systems throughout the coastal areas, the the Chinese men formed a guerrilla army and took to covert military action. This fighting was absolutely brutal and each day saw hundreds of Chinese men NOT returning to their awaiting families! 
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Chueng Yiet-Tai (Centre-Left) Holds Sue-Ling - Her First Granddaughter Born in the UK!
When the returning British retook control of Hong Kong in 1945 - they were astonished to hear that the local Chinese Hakka population had continued to fight between 1941-1945 without the aid of modern weaponry - and suffered around 10,000 casualties! The British then erected a monument in the New Territories recognising the bravery of t Hakka Chinese people (or a least this was the story I was told - but it seems the local villagers raised this monument themselves - with the British only taking credit later when they realised they could do nothing about it - see below). In 1956, Master Chan Tin Sang came to the UK and worked hard for ten-years before saving enough money to bring his wife and two daughter to Britain in 1966. The Hakka Chinese people are known for migrating to find a better life! A Chinese-language history documents describes one area of the Hong Kong resistance to Japanese terror when it states:

'Wujiaoteng Village is a Hakka village with a patriotic tradition. It was the base of the Hong Kong and Kowloon Independent Brigade of the Dongjiang Column in the era of Japanese occupation. After the outbreak of the Pacific War on December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked and quickly occupied Hong Kong. In more than three years of anti-Japanese guerrilla war, the Hong Kong and Kowloon Brigade attacked the Japanese army many times, and eliminated the notorious Japanese spy Toaki, as well as many other traitors and secret agents. The maritime squadron frequently attacked the Japanese shipping lanes in the waters near Hong Kong. It experienced more than ten major naval battles. It captured 13 enemy ships, sank 10 ships, and intercepted hundreds of tons of cargo and delivered them to the Dongjiang Column Headquarters. The Hong Kong and Kowloon Brigade also rescued allied pilots on many occasions and assisted the Allied forces in obtaining military intelligence. In early 1942, an anti-Japanese guerrilla squad came to Wujiaoteng Village and began a counterattack against the Japanese army. They attacked Kai Tak Airport, bombed the Japanese Railway No. 4 in Kowloon and the arsenal, etc., and made immortal military exploits. The Japanese army hated this Hakka Chinese Unit and encircled and wiped out Wujiaoteng Village many times, but the guerrillas repeatedly escaped danger under the protection of the villagers. During the Japanese occupation, the invaders launched more than ten raids on Wujiaoteng and surrounding (Hakka) villages. On September 25, 1942, the second day of the Mid-Autumn Festival, the Japanese army surrounded Wujiaoteng Village in the early morning, forcing the masses to surrender their traditional self-defence weapons and give the guerrillas. The village chief Li Shifan and others were not afraid of pouring water, burning fire, or being stepped on horses. They were tight-lipped and were sacrificed heroically. In February 1943, half a year after the incident, on the hillside near Wujiaoteng Village, the Guangdong Provincial Interim Committee and the Dongjiang Military and Political Committee held a joint meeting to implement the instructions of the Southern Bureau of the Communist Party of China and summarize the experience of the anti-Japanese guerrilla war in the Dongjiang and Zhujiang areas. The lessons and plans for future work are known as the "Wu Jiao Teng Conference" in history. The meeting is of great significance to the work of the Dongjiang Column, the Guangdong area, and the anti-Japanese work of the Dongjiang Military and Political Committee. Subsequently, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China instructed to change the designation of the Guangdong People's Anti-Japanese Guerrilla Corps to the Dongjiang Column of the Guangdong People's Anti-Japanese Guerrilla Corps, which has seven groups under its jurisdiction. Zeng Sheng was the commander and Yin Linping was the political commissar. On December 2, 1943, the Dongjiang Column was formally established. The Hong Kong and Kowloon (Hakka) Brigade was one of the first seven teams of the Dongjiang Column. What is less known is that the radio station of the Dongjiang Column was also hidden for eight months in Shishuijian near Wujiaoteng Village, continuously transmitting signals, allowing Guangdong to keep in touch with Yan'an. Without this radio station, the anti-Japanese war in Hong Kong and even Guangdong would be very critical. During this period of time, the hidden management of the radio station was kept extremely secret The logistical work of the radio station depended on the villagers Lin Mao, Lin Chuan's uncle and nephew (they took fishing boats to join the troops dealing with maritime traffic) and their family of 4 people climbing mountains and ridges for secret acquisitions. In April 1943, the Japanese army "mopped up" Shishuijian, but our radio station had already been safely transferred. The Japanese army arrested villager Lin San, tied him to a tree and beat him severely, forcing him to confess the whereabouts of the radio. In the end, the Japanese army killed him and set fire to five houses... During the Anti-Japanese War, 40 youths from Wujiaoteng Village said goodbye to their hometowns and joined the guerrillas without hesitation. 9 Anti-Japanese journalists successively sacrificed for the country and the welfare of Hong Kong. After the victory of the War of Resistance Against Japan, in order to commemorate the villagers and guerrillas who sacrificed their lives for the War of Resistance Against Japan, in October 1951, the villagers spontaneously built a monument for the martyrs, which was rebuilt in 1985. As the original site was located in a remote, steep and sloping mountain slope, until December 2009, the monument was relocated to the current site with funding from the SAR government.'
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Hakka-Chinese - Anti-Japanese Hero's - Wujiaoteng Monument - New Territories - Hong Kong (乌蛟腾 英烈)
1941年12月7日太平洋战争爆发后,日军大举进攻并快速占领香港。在三年多的抗日游击战争中,港九大队四处出击,多次袭击日军,先后消灭罪恶昭彰的日本特务东亚芝及多名汉奸密探。海上中队在香港附近海域频繁袭击日军的海上交通线路,先后经历较大海战十多次,缴获敌船13艘,击沉10艘,并截获数百吨货物上交东江纵队总部。港九大队还多次营救盟军飞行员,并协助盟军获取军事情报。

1942年初,我抗日游击小分队来到乌蛟腾村,开始了对日军的反击。偷袭启德机场、炸毁日军九龙第四号铁路及军火库等,立下不朽战功。日军对其恨之入骨,围剿、扫荡乌蛟腾村多次,但游击队得村民保护屡屡脱险。日占时期,日本侵略者对乌蛟腾及周围的村庄发动了大小十余次扫荡。1942年9月25日,即中秋节第二天,日军清晨包围乌蛟腾村,强迫群众交出自卫武器、供出游击队员。村长李世藩等不惧灌水、火烧、马踏,守口如瓶,壮烈牺牲。

事件后半年的1943年2月,在乌蛟腾村附近的山坡上,广东省临委和东江军政委员会召开联席会议,贯彻执行中共南方局的指示,总结东江和珠江地区敌后抗日游击战争的经验教训和部署今后的工作,史称“乌蛟腾会议”。会议对于东江纵队、广东地区的工作,对于东江军政委员会的抗日工作都有重要的意义。

随后,中共中央指示把广东人民抗日游击总队的番号,改为广东人民抗日游击队东江纵队,下辖7个大队。曾生任司令员,尹林平任政委。1943年12月2日,东江纵队正式宣告成立。港九大队是东江纵队首批7个大队之一。

而鲜为人知的是,当年东江纵队的电台也在乌蛟腾村附近的石水涧隐藏了八个月,持续不断的发射信号,使得广东与延安保持联系。如果没有这个电台,香港、甚至广东的抗日将会非常危急。在这段时间里,电台密室封闭式管理,保密极为严格。而电台的后勤工作,全靠该村的林茂、林传叔侄(他们带渔船一起参加部队为海上交通)及其家4人爬山越岭秘密采购所需。1943年4月,日军对石水涧“扫荡”,但我电台早已安全转移。日军抓了村民林三,绑在树上毒打,逼其供出电台下落,最终日军活生生把其打死,并纵火烧毁其五间房子……

抗战时期,乌蛟腾村先后有40位青少年挥别故里,义无反顾地参加游击队,先后有9位抗日志士为国为香港壮烈牺牲。

抗日战争胜利后,为了纪念为抗战付出生命的村民和游击队员,1951年10月,村民自发为烈士筹建了一座纪念碑,并于1985年重修。由于原址位于山坡下陡滑偏远处,至2009年12月,由特区政府出资,纪念碑迁于现址重建。
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    Shifu Adrian Chan-Wyles (b. 1967) - Lineage (Generational) Inheritor of the Ch'an Dao Hakka Gongfu System.

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    Damage
    Dance
    Danger
    Dangerous
    Dantian
    Dan Tian
    Dao
    Daoism
    Daoyin
    Dao Yin
    Data
    Date
    David Lloyd - Cheam
    David Lloyd - Epsom
    Da Zhuan
    D-Day
    Deadly
    Death
    Death-cut
    Death Touch
    Deception
    Decipher
    Decisive
    Dedication
    Deep
    Deepening
    Deep Stances
    Deer
    Defeat
    Defence
    Defend
    Deflect
    Delusion
    Demonstration
    Depth
    Destroy
    Destroyed
    Destruction
    Develop
    Development
    Dhamma
    Dharma
    Dharmakaya
    Dhyana
    Dialect
    Dialectic
    Diamond Sutra
    Diane Wyles
    Dian Mai
    Dian Xue
    Dictionary
    Difficult
    Dignity
    Dim Mak
    Direct
    Direction
    Disability
    Disarm
    Disarmed
    Disc
    Discerning
    Disciple
    Disciples
    Discipline
    Discontinuous
    Discover
    Disinformation
    Dislocate
    Dissecting
    Dissolve
    Distance
    Distance Learning
    Distancing
    Distinguish
    Divert
    Divide
    Divination
    Divine
    Divine Sky
    Division
    DNA
    Do
    Document
    Dodge
    Dodging
    ‘Dogen’ [道元]
    Dog Fist
    Dogs
    Dojo
    Domestic
    Dominance
    Dominate
    Dongjiang Column
    Door
    Doorway
    Double
    Double-edge
    Double-happiness
    Double Hip Twist
    Double Punch
    Douyin
    Dove
    Down
    Dragon
    Dragon And Tiger Interact (龙虎戏 - Long Hu Xi)
    Dragon Boat
    Dragon Fist
    Draw
    Drawing Bow
    Drawing The Bow
    Drop
    Dropped
    Dropping
    Druid
    DT Suzuki
    Duality
    Duck
    Duddington
    Dummy
    Dust Whisk
    Duty
    Dynasty
    Ear
    Ears
    Earth
    East
    Easy
    Eat
    Ebergy Flow
    Eddie Daniels
    Edge
    Educate
    Education
    Effective
    Efficiency
    Efficient
    Effortless
    Efort
    Ego
    Egypt
    Eight
    Eighteen
    Eighteen Arahant Fist
    Eight Gates
    Eight Trigrams
    Eikatsutatsu
    Elbow
    Elder
    Elderly
    Elephant & Castle
    Embrace
    Emei (峨眉)
    Emissary
    Emit
    Emperor
    Empress Dowager Cixi
    Empty
    Empty Hand
    Empty Step
    End
    Endurance
    Enemy
    Energy
    English
    Enlightenment’ (悟 - Wu)
    Enter The Dragon
    Entwine
    Environment
    Envoy
    Equality
    Errata
    Errors
    Essence
    Essential Life Mind-body
    Essential Nature
    Esteemed
    Eternal Light
    Ethnic
    Ethnic Thai
    Etymology
    Eurocentric
    Eurocentricism
    Europe
    Evade
    Evasion
    Events
    Evidence
    Evolution
    Evolve
    Exact
    Exchange
    Exclusive
    Execution
    Executions
    Exercise
    Exit
    Expand
    Expansion
    Expansive
    Experience
    Expert
    Expert Self-defence
    Explain
    Expo
    Expression
    Extension
    Externa
    External
    External Qigong
    Eye-strike
    Face
    Face-to-face
    Fact
    Fairfield Centre
    Fake
    Fall
    False
    Familiar
    Family
    Fang Ligui (房利贵)
    Fang Qiniang’ (方七娘)
    ‘Fang Zhonggong’ (方种公)
    Fan Yinglian (范应莲)
    Fars
    Fast
    Father
    Father-to-son
    Fear
    Federation
    Feeding (食 - Shi)
    Feeling
    Fees
    Feet
    Feng Shui
    Fiction
    Field
    Fight
    Fighting
    Figure
    Fiilm
    Filipino
    Films
    Finchley
    Finger
    Fire
    Fire Power
    Firm
    First Opium War (1839)
    Fist
    Fist Classic Victory Assured Record
    ‘Fist Frame’ (拳架-Quan Jia
    Fists
    Fitness
    Five Ancestors
    Five Phases
    Five Steps
    Flail
    Flat
    Fleet
    Flesh
    Flexible
    Flick
    Flicking
    Flight
    Float
    Floating
    Floor
    Florian Poupard
    Flow
    Flowers
    Fluid
    Fluidity
    Flying (飞 - Fei)
    Fly Whisk
    Focus
    Follow
    Following
    Food
    Foot
    Foot Position
    ‘foot’ Root (脚根 - Jiao Gen)
    Footwork
    Force
    Fore-head
    Foreign
    Foreigners
    Forest
    Forgive
    Form
    Forms
    Fortress
    Forward
    Forward Stance
    Foundation
    Foundations
    Four
    Fragrant
    Frame
    Frames
    France
    Frank Johnson 6th Dan
    Fraud
    Free
    Freedom
    Free Fighting
    Free-flowing
    Free Hand
    Free Stance
    Free-standing
    Freezing
    French
    Frequency
    Front
    Fujian
    Fujian Province
    Full
    Funakoshi Gichin
    Function
    Fung Ngan
    Fuqing
    Fu Ta Tsue
    Future
    Fuzhou
    Gael
    Gaelic
    Galatia
    Gang
    Gao (高)
    Gap
    Gate
    Gaul
    Ge-Dan
    Ge-Dan Bara-I
    Gedan Barai
    Ge-Dan Hara-I
    Gedan Harai
    Gee
    Gee Wyles
    Ge Hong (葛洪)
    Gekisai
    GekisaiDaichi
    Gekisaidaini
    Geksai
    Gene Ching
    General Qi Ji Guang
    Generation Qi
    Generations
    Genetic
    Gentle
    Gentleness
    Genuine
    Genzi
    Geography
    George Andrews 7th Dan
    George Kerr
    Gi
    Gichin Funakoshi
    Gift
    Gifts
    Gillian Chang
    Gim
    Give Way
    Giving-up
    Giving-way
    Glastonbury
    Glastonbury Tor
    Glide
    Gloves
    Go
    Go Genki
    Goju
    Goju Kai
    Goju Ryu
    Goju-Ryu
    Goju Ryu Karate Do
    Goju-Ryu Karate-Do
    Goju Ryu (刚柔流)
    Go Ken Ki
    Gold
    Golden Belt
    Golden Rooster
    Gongfu
    Good
    Good Luck
    Governing
    Grabbing
    Grades
    Grading
    Grandfather
    Grand Ridge-pole
    Grand Temple
    Grapple
    Grappling
    Grasp
    Gravity
    Great Treatise
    Great Way
    Greece
    Greed
    Greed#
    Greeks
    Grip
    Groin
    Ground
    Grove Road
    Gua
    Guangdong
    Guangzhou
    Guard
    Guest People
    Guide
    Guiding
    Guru
    Gyaku Tsuki
    Gyaku Zuk
    Gypsy
    Hachinohe Citty
    Hads
    Hairpins
    Hakka
    Hakka Chinese
    Hakka Gongfu
    Hakka Warriors
    Halal
    Halberb
    Hall
    Halt
    Han
    Hand
    Hand-Blade (手刀
    Hands
    Hand-stand
    Han Dynasty
    Hang
    Han (韩)
    Hara
    Hara-Kiri
    Hard
    Hard Qigong
    Hardship
    Hard-Soft
    Harmonious
    Harmonious Way School
    Harmony
    Harsh
    Hatred
    Hawaii
    He
    Head
    Head Monk
    ‘head’ Root (顶根 - Ding Gen).
    Healing
    Health
    Heart
    Heaviness
    Heavy
    Heel
    Heian Period
    Height
    He Jinbao
    Help
    Henan
    Hereford
    Hereford Leisure Centre
    Hermit
    Hexagram
    Hexagram 56
    Hidden
    Higaonna
    Higaonna Family
    Higaonna Kanryo
    Higaonna Kanryō
    Higaonna Morio
    Higaonna Onna
    Higaoona Kanryo
    High
    Hiking
    Hill Running
    Hinge
    Hinton Community Centre
    Hinton Leisure Centre
    Hip
    Hip Twist
    Hiragana
    Hiroki Miyagi
    Hironori Otsuka (1892-1982)
    History
    Hitting
    Hojo
    Hokkien
    Hold
    Holding
    Holistic
    Home
    Honesty
    Hong Kong
    Hongwu
    Hong Xiuquan (洪秀全)
    Honour Fight
    Hook
    Hope
    Horizontal
    Horns
    Horse
    Horses
    Horse Stance
    Horton Hospital
    Hourglass
    Howard Johnson
    Hua Jin
    Hua-tou
    Hubei
    Hucheng
    Hug
    Hui
    Humanity
    Humans
    Humour
    Hunan
    Hundred
    Hunting
    Hunyuan
    Hunyuan Xingyi Taiji Gate (浑元形意太极门)
    I Ching
    Identical
    Ideogram
    Ideograms
    Idiiom
    Ignorant
    Ill Health
    Illness
    Imdia
    Immigration Act 1948
    Impact
    Imperial
    Imperialism
    Imperial Japan
    Incense
    Inconsistent
    Increase
    Indian
    Indian Yogi
    Indo-China
    Indoor
    Inflated
    Influence
    Influencers
    Inheritance
    Inheritor
    Inhibit
    Injury
    Inner
    Inner Organs
    Inner Strength
    Inner Vision
    Inscription
    Insight
    Inspection
    Insult
    Insurance
    Intangible
    Integrate
    Integrated
    Integration
    Integrity
    Intelligence
    Intensity
    Intent
    Intention
    Intercept
    Internal
    International
    Internet
    Invasion
    Inverte
    Invisible
    IOGKF
    Ip Man (叶问 - Ye Wen)
    Iran
    Ireland
    Irish
    Iron Ox
    Iron Vest
    Islam
    Islamic
    Jab
    Jade
    Japan
    Japanese
    Japanese Kanji
    Japanese Karate
    Java
    Jeet Kune Do
    Jet Li
    Jian
    Jiang Daochang
    Jiang Xuezhen
    ‘Jiao Lian’ (教练)
    Jimi Hendrix
    ‘Jinan Shinzato’ (新里仁安).
    Jinan Shinzato (新里仁安)
    Jin Dynasty
    Jing
    Jing Wu
    'jing' [精
    ‘Jin Jing’ (晋京)
    Jin (金)
    Jitsu
    Jiu Jitsu
    Ji (吉)
    Jo-Dan
    Jogging
    John Charles Oswald (1856-1900)
    Joint
    Joints
    Joke
    Journal
    Joy
    Ju
    Judging Official
    Judo
    Ju Jitsu
    Jujutsu
    Julius Ceasar
    Jump
    Jun
    June 9th
    Jun Tsuki
    Junzi
    Jun Zuki
    Justice
    Ka
    Kai Yuan (开元)
    Kakazu Yoshimasa
    Kakeai
    Kakete
    かけて = Kakete
    Kake-Te'
    Kakie
    'Kakie' (カキエ)
    ‘Kakie’ (カキエ)
    かきえ = Kakie
    カキテ = Kakite
    Kaki-Ti'
    Kaku
    ‘か’ (Kaku
    ‘Kaku’ [か]
    Kaku No Te
    Kamiya Jinsei (神谷仁清)
    Kan
    Kanda
    Kang (康)
    Kanji
    Kanryo
    'Kao Ji' (靠基)
    Karate
    Kara-Te
    Karate-Do
    Karate-Do Committee
    ‘Karate-Do – How To Enjoy Practice’
    Karate-Do (空手道)
    Karate-Dp
    Karate-Jitsu
    Kasturen Castle
    Kata
    Katakana
    Katana
    Katas
    Kelt
    Keltoi
    Kendo
    Kenryo
    Kevin Chaplin
    Khan
    Khufu
    Ki
    き(ki)
    Ki-ai
    Kick
    Kick-bag
    Kick-boxing
    Kicking
    Kicking Power
    Kill
    Killick House
    Killing
    Kilt
    Kind
    King
    King Arthur
    King Wah
    Kinjo Kanemori (金城兼盛)
    Kite
    KMT
    Knee
    Knife
    Knives
    Knocked
    Knockout
    Know
    Knowing
    Knowledge
    Knowledgeable
    Knuckle
    Ko
    'koa-kui' Or 'khoa-kui'
    Kobayashi Ryu
    Kobudo
    Komeikan
    Kong
    Kong Fuzi
    Kongoken'
    Kong Shou
    Kong Xing
    Korea
    Kouki
    Kume
    Kume Village
    Kumi
    Kumite
    Kung Fu
    Kungfu Tai Chi Magazine
    Kun (昆)
    Kururunfa
    Kururunfu
    Kyoto
    Kyushu
    Labour
    Labour Party
    LA Fitness - Ewell East
    Language
    Latin
    Law
    Leadership
    Leading
    "leading Frame" (领架 - Ling Jia)
    Lean
    Learn
    Learning
    Leatherhead
    Leg
    Legal
    Leg Conditioning
    Leg Endurance
    Leg Power
    Legs
    Leg Strength
    Leg Strengthening
    Leicester
    Leigong (雷公)
    Leisure
    Leisure Centres
    Letter
    Level
    Liang (梁)
    Lies
    Life
    ‘Life Gate’ (命门 - Ming Gen)
    Lifetime
    Li Force
    Lift
    Ligaments
    Light
    Lightness
    Ligsments
    Li Liangxing (李良兴)
    Lily Chiu
    Limb
    Limbs
    Lin Dachong
    'Lin Dachong' (林达崇)
    'Lin Dachong' (林达崇)
    Lin Dachong’ (林达崇)
    Lin Dachong’ (林达崇)
    Line
    Lineage
    Lin Jingfeng
    Lin Jingfeng (林竞峰) [1947-2018]
    ‘Lin Jun’ (林俊)
    Link
    Lin Weigong
    ‘Lin Weigong’ (林伟功)
    Lin Weigong (林伟功)
    Lin (林)
    Lin (林)
    Lion Law
    Lists
    Literacy
    Literature
    Little Dragon
    Liu
    ‘Liu Liangxing’ (刘良兴)
    Liu Longgong
    Liu Long (Gong)
    Liuqiu
    ‘Liuqiu’ (流求)
    ‘Liuqiu’ (琉球)
    Liu Shi
    Liu Wei Liu
    ‘Liu Xiangjing’ (刘祥京)
    Livestream
    Li Xingyou (李兴友)
    Li Yinggang
    Lizard
    Liz Wan
    Liz Yin
    Li (李)
    Lock
    Logic
    London
    #london
    London Prize Fighting Rules
    Long
    Longevity
    Longfist
    Long Sword
    ‘loosening’ (松 - Song)
    Loss
    Louhanquan
    Louhan Quan
    Louzi
    Love
    Loving Kindness
    Loving-kindness
    Low
    Lower
    Lower Block
    Lowering
    Lowing
    Loyal
    Lu
    Lunar
    Lunge
    LunYu
    Lun Yu
    Luohan
    Luo Han
    Luo Han Quan
    Luohan Quan
    ‘Luo’ (罗)
    Lu Zijian
    Ma Baoguo (马保国)
    ‘Ma Bin’ - 马斌
    Ma Bu
    Mabuni Kenwa
    Machine
    Macrocosmic
    Madam Cheung Yuet-Tai
    ‘Ma Defeng’ (马德峰)
    Ma Family
    Magazine
    Magic
    Maim
    Mainland
    Makiwawa
    Malarial
    Manchu Bannermen
    Manchuria
    Mannequin
    Manual
    Manuals
    Manx
    Mao (毛)
    Maria Manalastas
    Mark Edward Lewis
    Marrow
    Martial
    Martial Arets
    Martial Art
    Martial Arts
    ‘Marutani Takeo’ [丸谷武雄]
    Masahiko Ando
    Mask
    Masonic Lodge
    Massacre
    Master
    Master Chan
    Master Chan Ting
    Master Chan Tin Sang
    Master Chan Tin Sang (1924-1993)
    Master Hai Deng
    Master Nakaima Genkai
    Master Qingding
    ‘Master Ti Guang’ [体光]
    Master Xu Yun
    Mastery
    Master Yuan Xiugang (袁修钢) -
    Master Yu Danqiu (余丹秋)
    Mat
    Material
    Matter
    Mature
    Maturity
    Maturtity
    ‘Ma Xiaoyang’ (马晓阳)
    May
    May23rd
    ‘Ma Zhongyi’ (马忠义)
    MAZIAR KEBAT
    Ma (马)
    Meaning
    Measure
    Medical
    Medicine
    Medieval
    Medieval Japan
    Meditation
    Medium
    Meet Fist Way
    Mei
    Meibukan
    Meiji
    Mekura Kenichi
    Meng Bin
    Meng Jiao [孟郊]
    Mental
    Merchants
    Meridian
    ‘Metal Strength Elongated Ring’
    Metaphysical
    Method
    Mianzi
    'Miao Xing' (妙兴))
    Microcosmic
    Middle
    Middle-aged
    Middle Block
    Migration
    Militarism
    Military
    Min
    Mind
    Mind Ground
    Ming
    Ming Dynasty
    Minghequan
    Ming He Quan
    Ming Jin
    Min Nan
    Minute
    Misleading
    Missionaries
    Mitsugu Sakihara
    Miyagi
    Miyagi Anichi
    Miyagi Anichi’ (宫城安一)
    ‘Miyagi Anichi’ [宮城安一] (1931-2009)
    Miyagi Chojun
    ​Miyagi Chojun (宫城长顺)
    Miyagi Chojun (宫城长顺)
    Miyagi Chosho
    Miyagi Takashi
    Miyagi Takashi (1951)
    Miyagi Takashi [宮城敬]
    Miyagi Takashi [宮城敬]
    Miyagi Toru
    ‘Miyazato Eiichi’ [宮里栄] (1922-1999).
    MMA
    Modern
    Modernity
    Monastic
    Monastics
    Money
    Monk
    Monks
    Monument
    Mooing
    Moon
    Morality
    Morning
    Morphine
    Mosque
    Motobu Chaoji (本部朝基)
    Motobu Chaoji [本部朝基]
    Motobu Choki
    Mould
    Mountain
    Mountains
    Mourning
    Move
    Movement
    Movements
    Movemet
    Movies
    Moxibustion
    Mr George
    Mr Harada
    Mr. Huang Teng (黄腾)
    Mr Kenichi Ginkari (铭苅拳一 - Ming Yi Quan Yi)
    Mr Masaru Suzuki
    Mr Miyazato Eiichi (宫里荣一)
    ​Mr. Motobu [本部]
    Muay Thai
    Muchimi
    Mufu
    Multiply
    Mural
    MURASAKIMURA Dojo
    Murder
    Muscle
    Muscles
    Muslim
    Muslims
    Mu (穆)
    Myagi Chojun
    Myiyagi Anichi
    Myth
    Nagamine Masamune (长岭将真)
    Naha
    Naha City
    Naha Te
    Naha-Te
    ‘Naha Te’ (那霸手 - Na Ha Shou)
    Naive
    Nakaima Norisato
    Nakamoto Masabu (仲本政傅)
    Name
    Names
    Naming
    Nanjing
    Nanquan
    Nan Quan
    National
    Nationalist
    Natural
    Nature
    Neck
    Negotiate
    Nei
    Neidan
    Neigong
    Nekoashi
    Nervous
    Nest
    New
    New China
    News
    New Territories
    Nexus
    NHK
    Ninja
    Nippon
    Nippon Budokan (日本武道館)
    No
    No. 2
    Nobility
    Non-action
    Non-alignment
    Non-Chinese
    Non-delusion
    Non-effort
    Non-greed
    Non-Han
    Non-hatred
    Non-martial Arts
    Non-rootedness
    Nonsuch School
    Normality
    Normandy
    North
    Northamptonshire
    North Chean
    North China
    Northern
    Northern Gongfu
    Northern Horse
    Notion
    Nuance
    Nullify
    Number
    Numbers
    Nunchaku
    Oak
    Obedience
    Observation
    Ocean
    Oceania
    Officials
    Oi
    Oi Tsuki
    Oi Zuki
    Okinawa
    Okinawa: An Island People
    Okinawan
    Okinawan Karate
    Old
    Old Age
    Old China
    Old Chinese
    Older
    Old Man
    Old Shoe
    O-M119
    O-M122
    O-M268
    Omastics
    One
    Oneness
    One Sided Horse
    Online
    Open
    Open Hand
    Open-hand
    Opium
    Opium Pipe
    Opponent
    Oppression
    Order
    Organs
    Origin
    ‘Orthodox Karate-Do – An Introduction’
    O Sensei Kimura Shigeru (10th Dan) [1941-1995]
    Outer
    Outside
    Out-smart
    Overcome
    Ownership
    OX
    Oxford
    Oxyden
    Pacific
    Pacific War
    Pacific War (1941-1945)
    Pain
    Pain-killing
    Pair
    Palm
    Palms
    Pan Guan (判官)
    ‘pan Shou’ (盘手)
    Pan Yu
    Pan Yu Ba
    'Pan Yu Ba' (盘屿八
    ‘Pan Yu Ba’ (盘屿八)
    Paper
    Paris
    Park
    Parry
    Parts
    Pass
    Past
    Patch
    Path
    Pattern
    Patterns
    Payment
    Peace
    Peasant
    Pelvipelvic-girdle
    Pen
    Penetrate
    People's Daily
    People's Militia
    Perception
    Perch
    Perfect
    Permanent
    Permission
    Persia
    Peter Irving
    'Pheonix Eye Fist' (凤凰眼拳
    Pheonix Eye Strike
    Philippines
    Philosophy
    Photgraphs
    Photograph
    Photographs
    Physical
    Picts
    Pierce
    Piety Association
    Pik Wan
    Pinan
    Ping
    Pitch-fork
    PLA
    Place
    Placement
    Plaid
    Planning
    Plastic
    Play
    Plotinus
    Poer
    Poetry
    Point
    Points
    Polarity
    Pole
    Police
    Polite
    Politics
    Pollution
    Pony
    Popularity
    Porcelain
    Port
    Positioining
    Position
    Positioning
    Positive
    Post-1945
    Post Office
    Postures
    Pottery
    Poverty
    POW
    Power
    Power-fluidity
    Powerful
    Power Hitting
    Power-hitting
    Practice
    Prajna
    Praying Mantis
    PRC
    Precise
    Precision
    Predatory Capitalism
    Pre-exist
    Preparation
    Prepare
    Presence
    Present
    Preservation
    Press
    Pressure
    Pressure Points
    Pressure Point Striking
    Prevail
    Prevailing
    Principles
    Print
    Prisoner
    Pristine
    Production
    Professional
    Profit
    Profound
    Profundities
    Prohibit
    Protect
    Protection
    Province
    Psyche
    Psychology
    Published
    Published Article
    Publishing
    Publushing
    Pugilist
    Pull
    Punch
    Punch-bag
    Punching
    Punishment
    Punti
    Pure
    Purpose
    Pursue
    Push
    Push Hands
    Putian
    Putonghua
    Qi
    Qianfeng School
    Qiang
    Qianlong
    Qian (钱)
    Qi Channels
    Qi Energvital Force
    Qi Energy
    Qi Flow
    Qi-flow
    Qigong
    Qigong (气功)
    Qi Magazine
    Qin
    Qin Dynasty
    Qing
    Qingding
    Qing Dynasty
    Qinna
    Qin Na
    Qiu
    ‘qi’ (气)
    'qi' [氣]
    Quadriceps
    Quan
    Quanzhou
    Quarterly
    Queensbury Rules
    Qur'an
    Qu Shou
    Racing
    Racism
    Radical
    Rama
    Ram Muay
    Rape
    Rape Of Beijing
    Rare
    Rattan Ring
    React
    Realism
    Reality
    Reality Gongfu
    Reason
    Re-attach
    Rebound
    Rebounding
    Receive
    Recognition
    Record
    Records
    Redhill
    Red Hill
    Redirect
    Reference
    Reflection
    Reigate
    Reject
    Relax
    Relaxation
    Relaxation’ (弛 - Chi)
    Relaxed
    Relocate
    Renting
    Ren Zhe
    Repetition
    Replemish
    Report
    Representative
    Republic
    Reputation
    Research
    Resist
    Resistance
    Resolution
    Resolve
    Respect
    Rest
    Restuarant
    Retirement Homes
    Retreat
    Retreive
    Retrieve
    Revenge
    Reverse
    Revised
    Revolutionary
    Rice
    Rich
    Richard Hunn
    Rickshaw
    Ridicule
    Righteous
    Rightness
    Rigid
    ‘rigid’ (刚 - Gang)
    Rinan’ (日南)
    Ring
    Rip
    Rise
    Rising
    Ritsumeikan University
    Ritsumei University
    Ritual
    Ritual Dance
    River
    Robber
    Robust
    Rock
    Roll
    Rolled
    Roman
    Romans
    Romany
    Root
    Rooted
    Rootedness
    Rope
    Ross Road
    Rotate
    Rou
    Round
    Rounded
    Rounded Joints
    Round-house
    Round-kick
    Rou Shu
    Royalty
    R Squadron
    Ruan (阮)
    Ruck Sack
    Rule
    Run
    Running
    Ru Ru Ge
    Ru Ru Ko
    RU-RU-KO
    Russia
    Russian
    Ru Tu Ge
    Ryu
    Ryuei Ryu
    Ryukyu
    Ryu Kyu
    ‘Ryukyu Fist Law Tang Hand Way Historical Developmental Overview’ (琉球拳法唐手道沿革概要 - Liu Qiu Quan Fa Tang Shou Dao Yan Ge Gai Yao).
    Ryu Kyu Islands
    Ryu Ryu Ko
    Saba
    Sabot
    Sabotage
    Safe
    Sai
    Saifa
    Sailing
    Sailors
    Samming City
    Samurai
    Sanch
    Sanchin
    Sand
    Sanda
    Sangha
    Sanseiru
    San Zhan
    'San Zhan' (三战)
    SAR
    SAS
    Sashes
    Savate
    Scale
    Scattered
    Scholar
    Scholars
    School
    Science
    Scott Hut
    Script
    Scroll
    Scts
    Sea
    Sea-bed
    Secrecy
    Section
    Secure
    Seeing
    Seipa
    Seipai
    Seisan
    Self-cultivation
    Self-defence
    Self-development
    Self-serving
    Sell
    Senaka No Kitae
    Sensei
    Sensei Alan Bound
    Sensei Kimura Shigera
    Senshi
    Sensitivity
    Sentence
    Sepai
    Sequence
    Seres
    Servants
    Set
    Settle
    Seunchin
    Severe
    Shake
    Shaking
    ‘shaking’ (摇 Yao)
    ‘shaking’ (摇 - Yao)
    Shallow
    Shaman
    Shan
    Shandong
    Shang
    Shang Dynasty
    Shanghai
    Shanghai Karate Kobudo Bozheng
    Shanghai Wushu Association
    Shaolin
    ‘Shaolin Five Ancestor Fist’ (少林五祖拳 - Shao Lin Wu Zu Quan)
    Shaolin Temple
    Shaolin (少林)
    Shape
    Shatter
    Shen
    Shen Shanxi
    ‘Shen’ (慎)
    Shen (慎)
    Shen (沈)
    Shi Fa
    Shifting
    Shifu
    Shifu (師父)
    Shi Gong
    Shi Jiaming (石佳明)
    Shiko
    Shi Mingyu’ (释明余)
    Shinto
    Shipping
    Ships
    Shipwrecks
    Shito Ryu
    Shito Ryu (系东流)
    Shi Xingzheng
    Shoichin
    Shop
    Shorin Ryu
    Short
    Short-Form
    Short-sword
    Sho Shin
    Shotokan
    Shotokan Ryu (松涛馆流的)
    Shou
    Shoulder
    Shout
    Showa
    Shu
    Shuang Jie Gun
    ​Shuang (双)
    Shukokai
    Shukokai Karate
    Shuri
    Shuriken
    Shuri Ryu
    Shuri Te
    Shuri-Te
    Si
    Siam
    Sichuan
    Sickle
    Siddalls Gardens
    Side
    Signatute
    Signed
    Silence
    Silk
    Sil Long
    Silver
    Simplicuty
    Singing
    Singing (鸣 - Ming)
    Single
    Single-edge
    Sink
    Sino Japanese War
    Sino-Japanese War
    Situation
    Six Lines
    SKF
    Skiing
    Skill
    Skin
    Skull
    Sky
    Slap
    Sleep
    Slender
    Slice
    Slide
    Slip
    Slips
    Slither
    Slow
    Small Holding
    Smash
    Smith
    Smoking Pipe
    Smooth
    Snake
    Snake Creeps Down
    Snakes
    Sniper
    Sniping
    Snow
    Social
    Socialism
    Society
    Soft
    Soft Art
    Solar
    Solar Plexus
    Soldiers
    Sole
    Solid
    Solidity
    Son
    Song (宋) And Zhou (周)
    Soul
    Sound
    Source
    South
    South Africa
    South China
    South-East
    Southern
    Southern Boat
    Southern Fist
    Southern Gongfu
    Southern Karate-do Wado-Kai
    Southern Karate-Do Wado Ryu
    Southern Shaolin
    Sovereign Leisure Centre
    Space
    Spain
    Sparring
    Speak
    Spear
    Special
    Spedd
    Speed
    Spindle
    Spine
    Spinning
    Spirit
    Spiritual
    Spirituality
    Sport
    Sport Karate
    Sports
    Spped
    Spread
    Spring And Autumn
    Spring-loaded
    Spy
    Spying
    Squat Kicks
    Squatting
    Stab
    Stabbing
    Stabce
    Stability
    Stable
    Staff
    Stake
    Stamina
    Stamp
    Stance
    Stance Syability
    Standing
    Stand Up
    Star
    State
    Statue
    Steal
    Stealth
    Steel Wire
    Step
    Steppe
    Stick
    Sticks
    Sticky-hand
    Sticky-Hands
    Stiffness
    Stifle
    Still
    Still Mind
    Stillness
    Stone
    Stoneleigh
    Stop
    Storms
    Straight
    Straight Long Sword
    Straits
    Straw
    Strength
    Strengthening
    Stretch
    Strike
    Strikes
    Striking
    Striking Post
    Strong
    Structure
    Structures
    Student
    Study
    Stupidity
    Style
    Style Frame
    Stylised
    Submission
    Success
    Sue-Ling
    Su Feng
    Sui
    Suicide
    Sui Dynasty
    Sui Po
    Summer
    Sumo
    Sun
    Sunday
    Suparinpei
    Superficial
    Supplement
    Support
    Suppress
    Suprise
    Surangama Sutra
    Surface
    Surgery
    Sur-Ling
    Surname
    Surnames
    Surrey
    Survival
    Suspend
    Sutra
    Sutton
    Sutton District \School
    Suzuki
    Swamps
    Swaying
    Sweating Ox
    Swing
    Switch
    Sword
    Sympathy
    Symposium
    Sype
    System
    Tagou
    Tai
    Tai Chi Magazine
    Taiji
    Taijiquan
    Taiji Tu
    Taipei
    Taipong
    Tai Sabaki
    Taiwan
    Taiyi
    Taizu
    Taji Sword
    Take-Away
    Talent
    Tamar
    Tameshigiri (試し切り)
    Tang
    Tang Dou
    Tang Dynasty
    Tang Hand
    ‘Tang Hand’ (唐手 - Tang Shou).
    Tang Lixian
    Tang Quan’ (唐拳)
    Tang Rong
    Tang Shou
    Tang Ying
    Tao (陶)
    Tap
    Target
    Tartan
    Tatami
    TCM
    Te
    Tea
    Teacher
    Teachers
    Teaching
    Tea Shop
    Technique
    Telegram
    Telegraph
    Temple
    Temples
    Tendon
    Tendons
    Tense
    Tenshin Ryu
    Tenshin Ryu (天心流) War Of Art (兵法)
    Tensho
    Tensho' (转掌 - Zhan Zhuan)
    Tension
    Terms
    Terrain
    Test
    Testing
    Texts
    Thai Boxing
    Thai King
    Thailand
    The Fujian 'Tang Shou' Karate-Do Association
    Theory
    Theravada
    Thigh
    Thinking
    Third Ear
    Third-Eye
    Thought
    Thousand
    Three
    Three Battles
    Through
    Throw
    Throwing
    Thrust
    Thug
    Tian
    Tian (田)
    Tibet
    Tied
    Tiger
    TikTok
    Time
    Timing
    Tip
    Tissue
    Title
    Titles
    Tiverton
    Tokizawa Yahei
    Tokuda Yasuharu (徳田安文)
    Tokugawa Shogunate
    Tokyo
    Tomari-te
    Tomb
    Tom Beardsley
    Tom Newham
    Tong
    Tongbai
    Tongbei
    Tong Bei
    Tony Smith
    Tony Smith 5th Dan
    Top
    Topple
    Tori-Te
    Torque
    Torrent
    Torso
    Toshio Tsukamoto
    Totem
    Touch
    Tough
    Toughen
    Trade
    Tradition
    Traditional
    Traditional Karate
    Train
    Training
    Training Hall
    Training Hall China
    Tranquil
    Tranquillity
    Transcend
    Transform
    Transformation
    Transition
    Translate
    Translation
    Transliteration
    Transmission
    Transmit
    Transmitting
    ‘Transmitting Brilliance Training Hall’ (講明館 - Ko Mei Kan).
    Transport
    Trap
    Travel
    Treasure
    Tree
    Trees
    Tremble
    ‘tremble’ (抖 - Dou)
    Tribes
    Tribute
    Trident
    Trigram
    Trip
    Triple Gem
    Tripping
    Truncheon
    Truth
    Tsim Sha Tsui
    Tsuki
    Tsuru
    ‘つる’ (Tsuru)
    Turkic
    Turn
    Turning
    Turning-about
    TV
    Twenty-Eight Perches’ (鸣鹤拳二十八宿 - Ming He Quan Er Shi Ba Su
    Twin
    Twist
    Two
    Two-finger Ch'an
    Tyranny
    Ueshiba Kisshōmaru
    Ueshiba Morihei
    UFC
    UK
    Uke
    Umbrella
    UN
    Unarmed
    Unarmed Combat
    Unconsciousness
    Under-cut
    Understan
    Understand
    Understanding
    Undo
    Unequal Treaties
    Unified
    Unity
    Universal Kata Number 1 & 2
    Universe
    Upanishads
    Upper
    Upper Block
    Upper Body
    Upper-cut
    Uprisings
    US
    US Cold War
    US Imperialism
    US Racism
    Valued
    VCD
    Vegetarian
    ‘Venerable Xiao’
    Vertical
    Vessel
    Vessels
    Vibrant
    Vibrating
    Victoria Harbour
    Vid
    Video
    Vietnam
    Vigour
    Village
    Vimalakirti
    Vinaya
    Vintage
    Violence
    Virgin Gym - Abbey Mills
    Virtue
    Vision
    Visit
    Vital Force
    Void
    Vol. 32
    Wado Kai
    Wado-Kai
    Wado Ryu
    Wado Ryu (和道流)
    Waidan
    Waigong
    Wai Kru
    Waist
    ‘waist’ Root (腰根 - Yao Gen)
    Wakizashi
    Wales
    Wall
    Wanderers
    Wang Biandou
    Wang Changhai (王长海)
    Wang Maozhai
    ‘Wang Qingmin’ (王庆民)
    Wang Shi’an’ (王士庵)
    Wang Xiangui
    Wang Zhiying (王子英).
    Wang (王)
    War
    War Crimes
    Warfare
    War Man Way
    Warm-up
    Warrior
    Warrior-monks
    Warriors
    Wars
    Water
    Water Margin
    Wave
    Way
    Wayfarer Publication
    Way Of Harmony
    Way Of Peace
    Weakness
    Weapon
    Weaponised
    Weaponry
    Weapons
    Weather
    Weave
    Weaving
    Website
    Weight
    Weighted Ruck Sack
    Weightlifting
    Weight Training
    Wei Ke Da)
    Wei (魏)
    Weng Xinhui
    Weng (翁)
    West
    Western
    Western Han
    Western Technology
    West Lake Public Park
    Wheels
    White
    White Crane
    White Crane Fist
    White Horse Lake
    White Silk Seal
    Whole
    Whooping
    Whooping Crane Fist
    ‘Whooping Crane Fist’ (鸣鹤拳 - Ming He Quan)
    Width
    Wijiaoteng Village
    Wikipedia
    Will
    Wind
    Wing Chun
    Wings
    Wisdom
    Wise
    Withstand
    Wivers
    Wobble
    Wolves
    Women
    Wonder
    Wong Tai Sin
    Wood
    World
    Wounds
    Wrapping Silk
    Wrestling
    Writing Brush'
    Wsom
    Wu
    Wudang
    Wudang Internal Family Fist Law’ (武当内家拳法)
    Wudang Mountain Geological Museum (武当山地质博物馆)
    Wudang Mountain Special Zone Planning Hall (武当山特区规划馆)
    Wudang (武当)
    Wu Shi Dao
    Wushu
    WuShu]Gongfu
    Wu Weiyang (武维扬)
    Wu Xiangui
    Wu Xiangui [伍賢貴] (1886 1940)
    Wu Xiangui [伍賢貴] (1886-1940)
    Wu Xiangui (呉賢貴)
    Wu (伍)
    Wu (吴)
    Wu (吴)
    Wu (武)
    Wu (邬)
    WWII
    Wyles
    Xia Dynasty
    Xiamen
    Xiang'an District
    Xiangding
    Xiang (向)
    Xiao Dingpei (肖定沛)
    Xiao Shuide (萧铄德)
    Xiao Yujun (小鱼君)
    Xiaozi
    Xie Chongxiang
    Xie Chongxiang (謝崇祥)
    Xie Chongxiang (谢崇祥)
    Xie Chongxiang’ (谢崇祥)
    Xie Chongxiang’ [谢崇祥]
    Xie Congxiang
    Xie Ruru
    Xie Ru Ru
    Xie Ru Ru’ (谢如如)
    Xie Ruru (谢如如)
    Xie Zongxiang
    Xie Zongxiang’ (谢宗祥)
    ‘Xie Zunshi’ (谢尊志)
    Xingyi
    Xingyiquan
    Xinhua
    Xi Yang Zhang
    Xu Lanyu (徐兰雨)
    Xu Xiaodong (徐晓冬)
    Xu (许)
    Yagi Akitoku
    Yagi Akitoku (1952)
    Yagi Akitoku [八木明德] (1912 2003)
    Yagi Akitoku [八木明德] (1912-2003)
    Yamaguchi Gichin
    ‘Yamaguchi Gogen’
    Yamaguchi Gogen
    ‘Yamaguchi Minoru’ {山口實実)
    Yamamoto Atsuyuki
    Yamamoto Kagura
    Yamashiro Yoshitomo
    Yang
    Yang Style
    'Yan Mengyong' (严孟永)
    Yanzhou
    Yan (颜)
    Yau
    ‘Ye Jianan’ (叶建安)
    Yellow Emperor
    Yi
    Yield
    Yijing
    Yijing Jing
    Yin
    Yin Bagua Zhang
    Yin Fu
    Ying (英)
    Yin-tang
    Yin-yang
    Yin (尹)
    ‘Yi’ (意
    Yongchun
    Yongquan
    Yongzheng Emperor
    Yoshihara
    Yoshitaka Inokuma (猪熊佳孝)
    YouKu
    Young
    Youth
    Youth Centre 21
    Youthful Folly
    Yuan Dynasty
    Yu Baoyan (余宝炎)
    Yu Danqiu (余丹秋)
    Yuika Tokashiki (渡嘉敷唯贤​)
    Yu (俞)
    Zagong
    Zen
    Zen At War
    Zeng Si
    Zhaihui
    Zhang Huqin (张虎勤)
    Zhang Sanfeng
    Zhang (张) And Li (李)
    Zhao Ming Wang
    Zheng Li’ (郑礼)
    Zheng (郑)
    Zhenru Temple
    'Zhiyuan' (智远)
    Zhou Dynasty
    Zhou (周)
    Zhuang-Dong (壮侗)
    Zhuanzhuang
    Zhuhai
    Zhu Yuanzhang’ (朱元璋)
    Zodiac
    Zong (宗)
    Zoom
    ‘Zou Zongtang’ (左宗棠)
    ‘ず’ (Zu)
    Zuki
    تای چی راه بی پایان
    مازیار کتابت
    一拳必殺
    一百零八手 (Yi Bai Ling Ba Shou) = Suparinpei
    三十六手
    三十六手 (San Shi Liu Shou) = Sanseru
    三战
    (三战 San Zhan)
    (三战 - San Zhan)
    三战等 (San Zhan) = Sanchin
    三戦
    三议妙 - San Yi Miao
    下丹田 - Xia Dan Tian
    下段払い
    下段払い
    丘
    东恩纳宽用
    东恩纳盛男先生
    丹田
    (丹田 - Dan Tian)
    久留顿破
    久留顿破 (Jiu Liu Dun Po) = Kururunfa
    久米
    予備運動 - Yo Bi Un Do
    五祖
    仲井真元楷)
    传统武术
    体捌き
    修交会
    儿 - 儿 - コ
    內 - Nei
    八极拳
    八门五步 - Ba Men Wu Bu)
    '八闽' (Ba Min)
    公
    六机手
    六机手
    六机手 (Liu Ju Shou) = Rokuki
    '关元' (Guan Yuan)
    内 - Nei
    (内功 - Neigong)
    内外合一 - Nei Wai He Ye
    凡 (fan2)
    击碎
    击碎
    击碎第一
    击碎第一
    击碎第三
    击碎第二
    击碎第二
    刀
    分解
    刘氏
    刚柔流
    刚柔流空手道
    制引战 (Zhi Yin Zhan) = Seiyunchin
    制引戦
    剑 - Jian
    剛
    剛柔体操 - Go Ju Tai Misao)
    剛柔流空手道
    劉衛流
    劉龍公
    '劍‘ (jian4)
    力手元!
    ‘勿’ (wu4)
    北蛇拳
    十三手
    十三手 (Shi San Shou) = Seisan
    十八手
    十八手
    十八手 (Shi Ba Shou) = Seipai
    南少林拳法
    南拳
    南拳
    (南拳 - Nan Quan)
    南拳 - Nan Quan
    南船北马
    卦
    印掌 (Yin Zhang)
    又 (you4)
    双截棍)
    双风贯耳
    取手
    受
    受 (shou4)
    古田教案
    '合' (He2)!
    合氣道
    吉原 - Ji Yuan
    吕紫剑]
    吳賢貴
    吴贤贵
    吴贤贵
    呉賢貴
    (和道流)
    咏春拳
    唐
    唐手
    唐手
    唐手 - Tang Shou
    唐朵
    唐榮)
    唐營
    唐禮賢
    唐营
    囍
    四向战
    四向战 (Si Xiang Zhan) = Shisochin
    (地术拳 - Di Shu Quan)
    ‘型’ (xing2)
    壹百零八手
    外 - Wai
    外 - Wai
    天回医学竹简
    太庙 - Tai Miao
    太极拳
    太極拳經
    太祖
    '套' (Tao)
    如如哥
    孔
    宫城安一
    宫城長祥
    宮城敬
    宮城敬
    [宮城敬]
    宮城 長順
    寛量
    導引
    少林拳 - Shaolin Quan
    少林罗汉拳 - Shao Lin Luo Han Quan
    师公
    幕阜山 - Mu Fu Shan
    ‘干’ (gan1)
    (庚子
    張三丰
    '形' (Xing)
    形 - Xing
    形 - Xing
    ‘形’ (xing2)
    形意
    形象 - Xian Xiang
    忍者
    慎善熙
    慎善熙
    慎善熙 (Shen Shanxi)
    戚繼光
    截拳道
    '手' (shou3)
    手为先锋 (Shou Wei Xianfeng)
    拳
    '拳' (quan2)
    拳击爱好
    拳打六路 (Quan Da Liulu)
    拳经捷要篇
    掛 (gua4) 手 (shou3)
    掛け合い
    掛手
    掛手
    掛け手 (Ka Ke Te)
    (推手 - Tui Shou)
    搂子
    '摩' (mo2)
    撃砕
    擒拿
    ‘教士’ (Jiao Shi)
    斋会
    新垣隆功
    方孔 - Fang Kong
    ‘日‘ (ri4)
    明手暗腿
    易筋經
    易經
    晰阳掌
    曾四
    東恩納 寛量'
    東恩納寬量
    林
    林伟功)
    林达崇
    林达崇
    架 - Jia
    柔
    柔 - Rou)
    柔術
    查拳
    梦斌
    植芝 吉祥丸
    植芝 盛平
    武
    武备志’
    (武备志 - Wu Bei Zhi)
    武道
    气 - Qi
    气功
    氣
    氣
    氣功
    永光
    永春
    泥丸宫 - Ni Wan Gong
    浑元
    涌泉
    清定
    清定
    湖城
    潘嶼八
    炀
    爪 (zhao3)
    (狗拳 - Gou Quan)
    '狮'
    王扁豆
    王茂斋
    琉求’ (Liuqiu)
    琉球 - Liu Qiu
    白鶴拳
    白鹤
    白鹤拳
    白鹤拳
    白鹤拳 - Bai He Quan
    白鹤拳 - Bai He Quan)
    百步神拳 (Bai Bu Shan Quan)
    盘屿
    (盘屿八)
    着
    知花朝信
    '石' (shi2).
    硬气功 - Ying Qi Gong
    硬氣功
    碎破
    碎破 (Sui Po) = Saifa
    神
    神
    '神' (Shen)
    神象 - Shen Xiang)
    福建白鶴拳
    空手
    空手 - Kong Shou
    突 (tu)
    '站桩' (Zhan Zhuang)
    '粵' Yue
    精
    精
    素封
    缠丝劲
    罗汉拳
    罗汉拳
    罗汉拳 - Luo Han Quan
    羅漢十八摩
    羅漢拳
    羅漢拳
    義和拳
    翁信辉)
    脚为帅 (Jiao Wei Shuai)
    脚踢八方 (Jiao Tī Bafang)
    茂木村
    萧和尚 - Xiao He Shang
    蒋雪珍
    虚云大师
    ‘蜴’ (yi4)
    螳螂拳
    衛克達
    補助
    西湖公园
    詠春
    講明館
    謝如如
    謝宗祥
    謝崇祥
    谢如如
    谢如如
    谢崇祥
    谢崇祥
    贤亮
    (足 - Ashi)
    転掌
    轉掌
    转掌
    追 い 突 き
    逆 (ni4)
    逆突き
    ) 透劲 (Tou Jin)
    通背
    通背
    運動
    道
    那覇手
    那霸手
    '邱
    释行正
    ‘金剛圈’ (Jin Gang Quan)
    ‘金城 敬章’ - ‘Kinjo Hiroaki’
    釵
    ‘錬士’ (Ren Shi)
    铁牛
    長拳
    闽
    '闽' (Min)
    陳
    陳
    陳天生
    陳家
    隋書 - Sui Shu
    隔山打牛 (Ge Shan Da Niu)
    隔空打人 (Ge Kong Jin Ren)
    雜功
    面子
    '順' (shun4)
    風け合い
    風水
    馬步
    高手’ (Gao Shou)
    鳴鶴拳
    '鶴' (he4)
    鶴 (he4)
    鶴の手
    鶴の手
    鸣鹤拳
    鸣鹤拳 - Ming He Quan
    鹤仙 - He Xian
    鹤巢寺
    鹤拳- He Quan)
    黃初平
    點穴
    點脈

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